Chlorine, thermodynamic data

Evidence that p-toluenesulfonyl radicals abstract a chlorine atom from CC14 under certain conditions has also been given50 from available thermodynamic data this reaction should be nearly thermoneutral. 

Compounds with Chlorine. The available thermodynamic data on plutonium chlorides and related species are listed in Table II. 

Chlorine trifluoride dioxide, 18 361-367 bonding in, 18 366, 367 internal force constants of, 18 366 molecular structure of, 18 364-367 properties of, 18 362-364 stretching force constants of, 18 366 synthesis of, 18 362-364 thermodynamic data for, 18 387 vibrational spectra of, 18 364, 365... 

Chlorine trifluoride oxide, 18 331-340 chemical properties of, 18 337-340 internal force constants, 18 335 molecular structure of, 18 334-336 physical properties of, 18 336, 337 reactions of, 18 338, 339 stretching force constants, 18 336 synthesis of, 18 331-334 thermodynamic data for, 18 386, 387 vibrational spectra of, 18 334 Chlorine trioxide hydroxide, structure of, 5 219... 

The E values for reactions including chlorine species with oxidation number of +1 or higher are calculated from thermodynamic data. 

It leads to the formation of a final product Cu2OCl2, the thermodynamic data of which are not very well known. The presence of side reactions in the hydrolysis reaction cannot be excluded, in particular the formation of molecular chlorine according to the reactions ... 

The quantitative high-temperature chemistry of chlorine oxysalts is rather underdeveloped. There are very few thermodynamic data for these compounds above 298 K. Even when they exist, they must be applied cautiously, since there may be kinetic rather than thermodynamic factors that determine decomposition behavior. Although the thermal decomposition of a few compounds has been studied very carefully (e.g., the KC104 literature extends back for more than a hundred years because of the compound s use in explosives), the bulk of the available information is qualitative or semiquantitative. In recent years this has changed somewhat with increasing use of automated techniques such as DTA and TGA. Many of the reactions are complex, with mechanisms frequently controversial and not completely worked out. Decomposition products may depend on experimental conditions e.g., salts are frequently prepared by dehydration of their hydrates, and residual water may affect the course of the decomposition. 

Less is known about the anhydrous bromine-containing oxysalts than about the corresponding compounds of chlorine and iodine. This is true both with respect to the total number of such salts, as well as the information available on each salt. Since 1974, when the last review of these compounds was published,1 the situation has changed only slightly, with the number of known bromites increasing from 2 to 3, bromates from 15 to 17, and perbromates from 3 to 8. There are still no thermodynamic data above 298 K. Consequently, this chapter is fairly brief, includes no high-temperature equilibrium calculations, and updates qualitative and semi-quantitative information using material published since 1972. 

As chlorine substitutes for hydrogen in the methyl group of the acetate anion, the carboxylate basicity decreases (i.e., pKa decreases). The thermodynamic data for the Eu(III) and Am(III) complexes and the ligand pKa values are listed in Table II. Data for 3-chloropropionate (16) are also included. 

On the basis of the pressure and temperature limits thus specified the number of hydrating agents which have any reasonable chance of becoming important can be reduced to about 12, shown in Table I. Further work has been reported on F-31, methyl bromide, and F-21 (2) and on propane (6) and this paper presents thermodynamic data on F-142b and F-12B1. Except for chlorine, similar data can probably be predicted for the remaining six agents with sufficient accuracy for economic evaluation studies (1). 

Vibrational data for the mked phosphoryl and thiophosphoryl halides have been analysed to give force constants and thermodynamic data. Electron-diffraction data show that the most probable conformation for trimethylene chlorophosphite (52) is a chair with the chlorine atom in an... 

This type of E/pHdiagram, also called Pourbaix diagram, is frequently used for redox equilibria in solutions, and also in the field of corrosion studies. It is a graphic illustration of thermodynamic data which results from applying the Nernst law. Section 3.4.1.4 focuses on the example of a particular part of the Pourbaix diagram which deals with the chlorine element in aqueous solution. Numerous other examples can easily be found in scientific literature. 

The table below in Fig. 2 shows some thermodynamic data for the alcohol/CKW solvent system. The boiling temperature increases from the by-product, to the alcohol and then to the chlorinated hydrocarbon. At the same time, it must be noted that the alcohol and the chlorinated hydrocarbon have an azeotrope. This azeotrope prevents the two solvents firom being separated in a single rectification column. 

Shimotori, T. and Arnold, W.A. Henry s law constants of chlorinated ethylenes in aqueous alcohol solutions measurement, estimation, and thermodynamic analysis, / Chem. Eng. Data, 47(2) 183-190, 2002. 

Use the data of Appendix C to answer the following questions. (Assume that ACp is negligible—but would this affect your answer ) (a) At what temperature does CVD of silicon from SiH4 become thermodynamically feasible (b) Would CVD of solid Si (mp 1410 °C) from SiCU (g) be feasible under any circumstances, assuming that the liberated chlorine could be tolerated ... 

Observed v values and anharmonicity constants are from the gas-phase Infrared study of Jones et al. (8), who reviewed earlier spectral data. Values of v are adjusted for the natural isotopic abundance of chlorine. The anharmonicity constants differ from, and supersede, earlier values (9) used by Gordon (1 0) in calculating thermodynamic functions for ONCl. 

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