Chlorine data

Chlorination of methane results in the replacement of one, two, three or four atoms of hydrogen by chlorine. Data of product compositions obtained with various reaction times are tabulated (Gorin et al, Ind. Eng Chem 40 2135,... 

Chlorine data are used in ultimate analysis to improve the estimate of oxygen by difference. The chlorine value is included in the sum of the items determined, which, when subtracted from 100, gives an estimate of the oxygen content of coal. 

Chlorination data de la Mare et al. (1958b). c Chlorination data Harvey and Norman (1961). d Nitration data Holleman (1925). e Nitration data Wibaut and van Strik (1958). 

The partial rate factors for naphthalene (Table 9) require comment in two cases. The chlorination data are approximate in that the product distribution is unestablished. Moreover, the reports for the rate of chlorination of naphthalene relative to benzene are in poor agreement (Dewar and Mole, 1957 Mason, 1959). The rate constants for the deuteration of naphthalene are not precise. These rate data are not based on an isomer distribution but rather extrapolated from observations for polydeuteration (Dallinga et al., 1957). 

Reproducibility of measurements of major dissolved ions can, in theory, be better than 1%. However, in real life poorer reproducibilities are common. In Table 5.5 the reproducibility values of +4.7% for the sodium data and + 4.5% for the chlorine data are on the limit of acceptance. However, 10% for calcium and 12% for HC03 are shaky, and the value of 70% for S04 is totally unacceptable. 

Figure 6.16 U.S. prices of sulfuric acid, ammonia, and chlorine. (Data courtesy...

Table 1. Flammability limits of gaseous fuels in chlorine. Data of Mal tseva (refs. 16, 17)... 

Ultimate analysis for chlorine (data from two determinations) Infrared spectroscopy (accuracy 1%) Py-GC (accuracy 2%)... 

Figure 2.6. Specific gravity of short, medium, and long chain chloroparafFins containing different concentrations of chlorine. [Data from Paroil Liquid Chlorinated Paraffins, Dover Chemical Corporation.]...

Using the appropriate data of mass transfer coefficients. Cl2 solubilities and kinetic constants which were all determined independently, numerical solution of eq. (E 1.15) to (E 1.18) gives an excellent description of the experimental chlorination data [10]. 

To assess the resistance of different materials to chlorination, data on the melting points and critical vapor pressure values of the metal chlorides are often used in the literature. A compilation of such data is given in Table 2-10. Commonly, the critical vapor pressure is taken as 10"" bar (ION m ). 

Using Jacobi coordinates and reduced masses, the Hydrogen-Chlorine interaction is modeled quantum mechanically whereas the Ar-HCl interaction classically. The potentials used, initial data and additional computational parameters are listed in detail in [16]. 

Draw the curve of Cp vs. T and Cp/T vs. T from the following heat capacity data for solid chlorine and determine the absolute entropy of solid chlorine at 70.0 K... 

We have seen ( 6.2.3) hat there is a close relationship between the rates of electrophilic substitutions and the stabilities of tr-complexes, and facts already quoted above suggest that no such relationship exists between those rates and the stabilities of the 7r-complexes of the kind discussed here. These two contrasting situations are further illustrated by the data given in table 6.2. As noted earlier, the parallelism of rate data for substitutions with stability data for o"-complexes is not limited to chlorination ( 6.2.4). Clearly, rr-complexes have no general mechanistic or kinetic significance in electrophilic substitutions. 

His data suggested values for y of — 12 and — 6 kcal mol for molecular chlorination and nitration respectively, indicating that the transition states in nitration resemble the reactants more than do the transition states in chlorination. 

Kinetic data are available for the nitration of a series of p-alkylphenyl trimethylammonium ions over a range of acidities in sulphuric acid. - The following table shows how p-methyl and p-tert-h xty augment the reactivity of the position ortho to them. Comparison with table 9.1 shows how very much more powerfully both the methyl and the tert-butyl group assist substitution into these strongly deactivated cations than they do at the o-positions in toluene and ferf-butylbenzene. Analysis of these results, and comparison with those for chlorination and bromination, shows that even in these highly deactivated cations, as in the nitration of alkylbenzenes ( 9.1.1), the alkyl groups still release electrons in the inductive order. In view of the comparisons just... 

Thus the chlorination of methane is calculated to be an exothermic reaction on the basis of heat of forma tion data... 

In a process similar to that described in the previous item, the stored data can be used to identify not just a series of compounds but specific ones. For example, any compound containing a chlorine atom is obvious from its mass spectrum, since natural chlorine occurs as two isotopes, Cl and Cl, in a ratio of. 3 1. Thus its mass spectrum will have two molecular ions separated by two mass units (35 -i- 2 = 37) in an abundance ratio of 3 1. It becomes a trivial exercise for the computer to print out only those scans in which two ions are found separated by two mass units in the abundance ratio of 3 1 (Figure 36.10). This selection of only certain ion masses is called selected ion recording (SIR) or, sometimes, selected ion monitoring (SIM, an unfortunate... 

As part of the research described in Fig. 7.5, Winston and Wichacheewaf measured the percentages of carbon and chlorine in copolymers of styrene (molecule 1) and 1-chloro-l,3-butadiene (molecule 2) prepared from various feedstocks. A portion of their data is given below ... 

Chlorine, a member of the halogen family, is a greenish yellow gas having a pungent odor at ambient temperatures and pressures and a density 2.5 times that of air. In Hquid form it is clear amber SoHd chlorine forms pale yellow crystals. The principal properties of chlorine are presented in Table 15 additional details are available (77—79). The temperature dependence of the density of gaseous (Fig. 31) and Hquid (Fig. 32) chlorine, and vapor pressure (Fig. 33) are illustrated. Enthalpy pressure data can be found in ref. 78. The vapor pressure P can be calculated in the temperature (T) range of 172—417 K from the Martin-Shin-Kapoor equation (80) ... 

Below 10°C, chlorine forms hydrates which are greenish yellow crystals and the CI2—H2O system has a quadmple poiat at 28.7°C. Solubihty data of chlorine ia various solvents are given ia Table 16. 

North American Chlor—Alkali Industy Plants and Production Data Book, Pamphlet 10, The Chlorine Institute, Washington, D.C., Jan. 1989. 

Table 13. Toxicity Data for Chlorinated Flame Retardants and Intermediates ...

Chlorine Monofluoride. Chlorine monofluoride is a colorless gas that condenses to a Hquid with a slight yeUow cast and free2es to a white soHd. The infrared spectmm of gaseous chlorine monofluoride and the Raman spectmm of the Hquid have been studied (36). The uv-absorption spectmm (37) and vapor pressure data are also available (11). 

Chlorine Pentafluoride. Chlorine pentafluoride is a colorless gas at room temperature. The ir and Raman spectra of the Hquid and gas phase have been studied (34,39). The uv absorption spectmm (45) and vapor pressure data may be found in the Hterature (18). 

Both CI2 and HCl have been shown to chlorinate hydrocarbons on fly ash particles. Pilot-scale data involving the injection of fly ash from municipal waste combustion (33) show that intermediate oxygen concentrations (4—7%) produce the highest levels of PCDD and PCDF. These data also show significant reductions in PCDD and PCDF emissions with the upstream injection of Ca(OH)2 at about 800°C. 

Safety. Magnesium oxide (fume) has a permissible exposure limit (PEL) (134) (8 hours, TWA), of 10 mg/m total dust and 5 mg/m respirable fraction. Tumorigenic data (intravenous in hamsters) show a TD q of 480 mg/kg after 30 weeks of intermittent dosing (135), and toxicity effects data show a TC q of 400 mg/m for inhalation in humans (136). Magnesium oxide is compatible with most chemicals exceptions are strong acids, bromine pentafluoride, chlorine trifluoride, interhalogens, strong oxidizers, and phosphorous pentachloride. 

The 8-position of the quinolone nucleus can often be advantageously substituted by fluorine (58) or chlorine (59) to give compounds with improved antibacterial potency over hydrogen in this position. With 1,8-naphthyridines, activity is reported to be approximately equivalent to the quinolone bearing a hydrogen in this position (60). As an example of this, see the data for norfloxacin (8) and enoxacin (7) in Table 2. 

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