Chlorine dioxide generator chemicals

The principal U.S. manufacturers and/or water service companies that sold or leased chlorine dioxide generating equipment and services in 1991 were Aquatec, Capital Controls, Chemquip, Drew Chemical (Division of Ashland Chemical), Eischer Porter, Prominent Eluid Controls, Rio Linda, and Wallace Tiernan. 

Yin, G. Ni, Y., (1998) Quantitative description of the chloride effect on chlorine dioxide generation from the C102-H0C1 reaction. Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering, 76, 921-926. 

Feed systems can be hybrids, combining dry or gas feed with liquid feed components. Dry and liquid systems usually include a dry-to-liquid conversion (using a dissolving tank) that subsequently combines this liquid with another liquid. Gas-liquid hybrid systems can mix the gas with water first or with another liquid chemical in a reaction chamber. Chlorine dioxide generators using chlorine gas are an example of this type of system. The chlorine dioxide formed in the reaction is ultimately mixed with ejector water, and this solution is then mixed with process water at the point of delivery. 

The commercial manufacture of sodium chlorite is based almost entirely on the reduction of chlorine dioxide gas in a sodium hydroxide solution containing hydrogen peroxide [7722-84-1] as the reducing agent. The chlorine dioxide is generated from the chemical or electrochemical reduction of sodium chlorate under acidic conditions. 

Other reactants that have been used to generate chemiluminescent reactions useful for chemical analysis include atomic sodium to detect halocarbons and chlorine dioxide to detect H2S and CH3SH. 

As for chemical paths to cation-radical generation, the following oxidants deserve to be mentioned concentrated (98%) sulfuric acid (Carrington et al. 1959, Hyde and Brown 1962, Carter 1971), persufate (Minisci et al. 1983), iodosobenzene bis(trifluoroacetate) (Alberti et al. 1999), and chlorine dioxide (Handoo et al. 1985, Sokolov et al. 1999). The following metal ions were used in many applications Tl(III) (Elson and Kochi 1973, McKillop and Taylor 1973), Mn(III) (Andrulis... 

Chlorine dioxide degrades rapidly in air (see Seetion 6.3.2.1) and should be measurable only near its source of production or use (e.g., pulp and paper mill plants, water treatment facilities). As part of an international study of workers in the pulp and paper industry, the concentration of chlorine dioxide was measured in the workplace air of pulp and paper mills from 19 countries. The concentration of chlorine dioxide was measured in the following work areas steam and power generation (range, <0.001-0.06 ppm) effluent water treatment (range, not detected to 0.003 ppm) and maintenance (range, <detection limit to 5.8 ppb) (Kauppinen et al. 1997 Teschke et al. 1999). In another study, the concentration of chlorine dioxide was measured in the workplace air at a pulp mill in British Columbia, Canada between May and June, 1988. The concentration of chlorine dioxide was <0.01 ppm in area samples and personal full-shift samples. The exception was in the bleach/chemical preparation area sample in which the concentration of chlorine dioxide ranged from <0.01 to 0.3 ppm (Kennedy et al. 1991). 

Jain, Kiran. Technical Data on Some Chemicals, HOBr Generation Using Sodium Bromide and Chlorine, Toxicity Assessments, Simazine, Chlorine Dioxide. Various technical papers, USA, 1993. 

So formed, chlorine dioxide may undergo many chemical or electrochemical reactions. With organic matter it again forms chlorite. If ozone is generated, it reacts in the ms-range with chlorine dioxide in competition with the reaction with active chlorine (Gordon et al. 2002) ... 

Lipsztajn et al. produced chlorine dioxide gas from a sodium ehlorate, sodium chloride, and hydrochloric acid electrolyte [82]. A cation exchange membrane separated the two electrode compartments. The hydrogen ions, generated by water electrolysis on a dimensionally stable anode, migrate through the eation exchange membrane to the cathode, where they react chemically with sodium chlorate and chloride ions to form chlorine dioxide. 

As mentioned in Sect. 5.2.5.2, chlorine dioxide is produced from electrochemi-cally generated chlorate. In more detail, chlorine dioxide is made chemically from ClO]T by reaction in acid solution with a reducing agent. This agent depends on the local possibilities. One example is hydrochloric acid ... 

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