Chlorine bleaching properties

Uses Dispersant in detergent applies., clay and TiOj disps. sequestrant tor iron, Ca, Mg stabilizer for hydrogen peroxide and chlorine bleaches Properties Liq. 50% cone. 

The presence of chloric(I) acid makes the properties of chlorine water different from those of gaseous chlorine, just as aqueous sulphur dioxide is very different from the gas. Chloric(I) acid is a strong oxidising agent, and in acid solution will even oxidise sulphur to sulphuric acid however, the concentration of free chloric(I) acid in chlorine water is often low and oxidation reactions are not always complete. Nevertheless when chlorine bleaches moist litmus, it is the chloric(I) acid which is formed that produces the bleaching. The reaction of chlorine gas with aqueous bromide or iodide ions which causes displacement of bromine or iodine (see below) may also involve the reaction... 

Chemical Properties. Under slightly acidic or basic conditions at room temperature, acetate and triacetate fibers are resistant to chlorine bleach at the concentrations normally used in laundering. 

In industrial and institutional bleaching either Hquid or dry chlorine bleaches are used because of their effectiveness, low cost, and germicidal properties. Dry chlorine bleaches, particularly formulated chloroisocyanurates, are used in institutional laundries. 

Chlorine dioxide, discovered in 1811 by Davy, was prepared from the reaction of potassium chlorate with hydrochloric acid. Early experimentation showed that chlorine dioxide exhibited strong oxidizing and bleaching properties. In the 1930s, the Mathieson Alkali Works developed the first commercial process for preparing chlorine dioxide from sodium chlorate. By 1939, sodium chlorite was established as a commercial product for the generation of chlorine dioxide. 

Typical chemical and physical properties of these fibers have been discussed (68). In slightly acidic or basic conditions at room temperature, acetate and triacetate fibers are very resistant to chlorine bleach at the concentrations normally encountered in laundering (68). Acetate and triacetate fibers are not affected by the dry-cleaning solutions normally used in the United States and Canada, but triacetate is softened by trichloroethylene (68). Delustering can be accomplished by hot soap solutions (72) so caution needs to be applied during cleaning of acetate fabrics. The immediate cause of delustering by hot soap solutions is the... 

The chemical and physical properties of nylons have been extensively described (76). Nylon will not support mildew or bacteria. Moth larvae may bite their way through nylon if imprisoned. In soil burial tests, it was found that nylon 6 retained more than 95% of its strength after six months. By contrast, wool and cotton were rotten after one month (3). Nylon may be affected by chlorine bleach, and strong oxidizing bleaches can damage it (31). 

Since the fledgling days of industrial chemical practice, the bleaching properties of chlorine have been in demand. Rampant spread of the great killer diseases such as cholera and typhoid was eliminated by the treatment of wastewater and drinking water with small amounts of bleach. Textile manufacturers and the paper industry had established the value of bleach in their operations early on. 

Properties Tenacity ranges from 1 to 2 g/denier elongation 25-50%, d 1.32, moisture regain 16% (21.2C, 65% relative humidity), decomposes at 126C, scorches at 204C, resistant to most acids except hot sulfuric, destroyed by alkalies and chlorine bleach, resistant to mildew but attacked by insects, amphoteric to dyes. Combustible. 

The Swedish chemist Carl Scheele first isolated chlorine in 1774 and the bleaching properties of its aqueous solutions were discovered soon afterwards. Various preparations were marketed for this purpose, but its medical use was not explored until 1825 when the Parisian apothecary Labarraque... 

Scheele discovered chlorine when he treated black manganese with hydrochloric acid and isolated a suffocating, greenish-yellow gas. The bleaching properties of chlorine were readily apparent. Scheele s discovery that plumbago (graphite) burned completely to yield fixed air allowed him to conclude that black lead was, in reality, pure carbon, just like diamond. ... 

The increasing occurrence of microbial and nosocomial infection has stimulated research activities into antimicrobial polymers and textiles [19, 25, 34]. Most medical textiles and polymeric materials used in hospitals are conductive to crosstransmission of diseases, as most microorganisms can survive on these materials for hours to several months [17, 26]. Thus, it would be advantageous for polymeric surfaces and textile materials to exhibit antibacterial properties so as to reduce and prevent disease transmission and cross-contamination within and from hospitals. N-halamines exhibit a similar antimicrobial potency to chlorine bleach, one of the most widely used disinfectants, but they are much more stable, less corrosive and have a considerably reduced tendency to generate halogenated hydrocarbons, making them attractive candidates for the production of antimicrobial polymeric materials. N-halamine compounds are currently used as antimicrobial additives to produce polymers with antimicrobial and biofilm-limiting activities. 

In addition to their oxidizing and reducing properties, the use of chlorine bleaches results in chlorinated organic compounds which have many unwanted environmental consequences. Alternatives are being rapidly implemented. 

W.H. Sheltmire, Chlorinated Bleaches and Sanitizing Agents. In J.S. Sconce (ed.), Chlorine Its Manufacture, Properties, and Uses, ACS Monograph 154 Robert E. Krieger Publishing Co., Huntington, NY (1972), p. 512. 

---