Chlorine-based flame

Examples of foaming agents are sodium bicarbonate, ammonium bicarbonate and nitroso compounds. Especially, when dinitroso-pentamethylenetetramine is used, foaming aids can be added that accelerate the decomposition and reduce the decomposition temperature. This is achieved, for example, with salicylic acid, or with urea. Various chlorine and bromine flame retardants can be used as halogen-based flame retardants, e.g., tetrabromobisphenol A de-rivates. 

Flame quenchers Usually bromine- or chlorine-based halogen systems that interfere... 

A common disadvantage of chlorine-containing flame retardants is that they have to be added in quantities, which in turn decrease mechanical properties of the polymer materials. The same sitnation in terms of large amount that should be added into the base material holds for mineral flame retardants as well (ATH, Mg(OH)2) however, minerals typically improve both flexural modulus (stiffness) and flexural strength of composites. 

The above data are the only available data on SCCP production and no specific data before 2000 are obtained. Therefore, interannual changes of SCCP production are estimated, based on the assumption that the percentage of 4.15% for SCCPs was constant from the beginning of production in 1950. Specifically, it is assumed that SCCP production was increased in proportion to the enhanced production of total CPs along with the industrial development in Japan, and the promotion of substitution with non-chlorine-based products had similar effects, both on SCCPs and total CPs. Also, it is assumed that SCCP production was increased linearly during the period from 1950 to 1975 and 1975 to 1979 because of the lack of data. Further, it is assumed that 50% of SCCPs were used in metal working fluids and another 50% for other products including flame retardant additives and lipid additives. As a result, the estimated consumptions of SCCPs from 1950 to 2002 in Japan are obtained and presented in Fig. 3, which indicate a profile with a peak of 1,200-1,400 tons per year from 1980 to 1990, and a decrease to 500 tons per year by 2000. 

The halogenated flame retardants may be bromine- or chlorine-based and can be classified as ... 

Other, US firms, including Merrill Lynch arrived at a similar value total, but gave a slightly differing breakdown of types. The market for flame retardants in 2000 globally was estimated as 2.16 billion. This was broken into bromine 34%, phosphorus 22%, antimony oxide at 17%, ATH 14%, chlorine-based at 7% and others on 5%. 

Flame quenchers. Usually bromine or chlorine-based halogen systems which interfere with the reactions in a flame. 

Aliphatic halogenated hydrocarbons (Specific CFCs, halon, chlorine-based organic compounds) Specific bromine-based flame retardants Penlachlorophenols... 

A significant advance in flame retardancy was the introduction of binary systems based on the use of halogenated organics and metal salts (6,7). In particular, a 1942 patent (7) described a finish for utilizing chlorinated paraffins and antimony(III) oxide [1309-64-4]. This type of finish was invaluable in World War II, and saw considerable use on outdoor cotton fabrics in both uniforms and tents. 

Flame retardants such as a-alumina trihydrate [14762-49-3] can be added to latex-based foamed carpet backing a combination of antimony oxide [1309-64-4] and chlorinated paraffins is used in dry mbber. 

Paints are complex formulations of polymeric binders with additives including anti-corrosion pigments, colors, plasticizers, ultraviolet absorbers, flame-retardant chemicals, etc. Almost all binders are organic materials such as resins based on epoxy, polyurethanes, alkyds, esters, chlorinated rubber and acrylics. The common inorganic binder is the silicate used in inorganic zinc silicate primer for steel. Specific formulations are available for application to aluminum and for galvanized steel substrates. 

When used purely as an insulator, foam densities can be as low as 0.02 to 0.08 g/cm3. In structural applications the foam s density can rise to 0.4 to 0.7 g/cm3. The use of fluorocarbons as blowing agents has largely given way to more environmentally friendly agents, such as low molecular weight hydrocarbons. We can impart flame retardancy by incorporating chlorine-or phosphorus-based compounds. 

An overview is provided of ongoing risk assessments on halogenated phosphate ester flame retardants in Europe. On the basis of the so-called second and fourth Priority lists on Existing Chemicals (Council Regulation No793/93) three chlorinated phosphate ester flame retardants are selected. The selection is based on their hazard profile, volume and use pattern. The three substances involved are TCPP, TDCP and TCEP (Antiblaze V6 from Albemarle is also involved but, due to confidentiality, is not discussed. An outline is provided from a European point of view on topics such as methodology of risk analyses, data-gaps and worst case approach, industry involvement, downstream participation and possible impact of final report on industry. 2 refs. 

Electrolux is the world s largest producer of powered appliances for kitchen, cleaning and outdoors. They have created comprehensive Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs) for many of their product lines. Information within the product profiles details chemicals that have been banned as well as the percentage and types of materials and how they have improved material choices. Forexample, plastic components do not contain cadmium, lead, mercury or their compounds or chlorinated or brominated flame retardants metal components are not coated with cadmium, chromium, or nickel and metal paints do not contain pigments and additives based on heavy metals. Many Electrolux products are also PVC-free. 

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