Chlorinated phenols application

Environmental applications of HRP include immunoassays for pesticide detection and the development of methods for waste water treatment and detoxification. Examples of the latter include removal of aromatic amines and phenols from waste water (280-282), and phenols from coal-conversion waters (283). A method for the removal of chlorinated phenols from waste water using immobilised HRP has been reported (284). Additives such as polyethylene glycol can increase the efficiency of peroxidase-catalyzed polymerization and precipitation of substituted phenols and amines in waste or drinking water (285). The enzyme can also be used in biobleaching reactions, for example, in the decolorization of bleach plant effluent (286). 

Musil J, Knotek Z, Chalupa J, et al. 1964. Toxicologic aspects of chlorine dioxide application for the treatment of water containing phenols. Sb Vys Sk Chem Technol Praze Oddil Fak Technol Paliv Vody 8 327-345. 

Some practical applications of the concepts discussed earlier have recently been encountered in our laboratory. During the initial stages of the development of a multi-residue procedure for chlorinated phenols (14), several problems were encountered. 

In addition to transformation by corrodable metals (such as Fe° and Zn°), bimetallic combinations of a catalytic metal with a corrodable metal (such as Pd/Fe or Ni/Fe) have also been shown to transform a variety of contaminants. In most cases, rates of transformation by bimetallic combinations have been significantly faster than those observed for iron metal alone [26,96,135-139]. Not only have faster transformation rates been observed with bimetallic combinations, but, in some cases, transformation of highly recalcitrant compounds, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), chlorinated phenols, and DDT has been achieved [24,140,141]. The mechanism responsible for the enhanced reactivity with bimetallic combinations is still unclear however, it has been suggested that electrochemical effects, catalytic hydrogenation, or intercalation of H2 may be responsible. A likely limitation to the full-scale application of bimetallic combinations to groundwater remediation is deactivation of the catalytic surface either by poisoning (e.g., by sulfide) or by formation of thick oxide films [136,142,143]. 

The characterization of water-soluble components in slurries is one use of SPME with mixed solid-liquid samples. In one application, dried homogenized solid samples (10 mg of sewage sludge or sediment) were slurried in 4 ml of H,0 saturated with NaCl and adjusted to pH 2 with HCl for extraction for 1-15 h, which was followed by desorption into 4 1 methanol/ethanol over 2 min. The extracted compounds were either injected into a liquid chromatograph or fed directly via an electrospray ionization interface to a mass spectrometer with 1 s miz scans from 50-700 or selected-ion monitoring. The major components extracted included phthalates, fatty acids, non-ionic surfactants, chlorinated phenols and carbohydrate derivatives [235]. 

O. Jauregui, E. Moyano, M.T. Galceran, LC-APCI-MS for chlorinated phenolic compounds. Application to the analysis of polluted soil, J. Chromatogr. A, 823 (1998) 241. 

Film chemistry can play a role as well. For example, Supelco has a specialized coating, polyacrylate, which is especially useful for the isolation of phenols and an entire series of chlorinated phenols (Fig. 12.3, Table 12.2). It comes in a film thickness of 85 pm. Furthermore, Supelco has published a series of application notes on the use of SPME as well as a bibliography of important papers. Finally, automation is available for SPME by Varian, which markets a system that will work on any GC or gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) (Fig. 10.9). 

Phenolic compounds sulfonate very easily. Phenol reacts to the extent of 94 per cent when heated with an equimolar quantity of concentrated acid for 2 hr at 100 C. The cresols react less completely with considerable variation in isomers. These phenolic sulfonates find application for preparing tanning agents and ion-exchange resins. Chlorinated phenols are sulfonated in the preparation of dye intermediates. ... 

The application of highly-chlorinated phenols is in rapid decline production is banned in a number of countries, due to their poor biodegradability and the possibility of producing dioxins and dibenzofurans in their manufacture. 

A behavior envisaging possible application in electroanalysis is found in Ref. [88] the shift of the potential exhibited by the redox system due to the Fe-porphyrin complex in a metalloporphyrin functionalized PTh is shown to depend on the concentration of 2,4,5-trichlorophenol in solution. Interactirai of the chlorinated phenol with the Fe centre is hypothesized to cause the modification of the electron... 

Electrical insulators fire-resistant materials wood preservatives boat hull coatings (antimagnetic properties) high-pressure additives for lubricants Hydraulic fluids plastics adhesives fire retardants in transformers sealants Contaminants of PCBs and various chlorinated phenols Wood preservatives leather paper industry applications herbicides fungicides algicides insecticides disinfectants... 

Phenolics, which are based on the polymerization product of phenol and formaldehyde, are another important class of thermoset linings. These polymers were the first to be synthesized and used commercially. Phenolic linings are resistant to all ordinary solvents, including ketones and chlorinated hydrocarbons. Application is by spraying in multiple coats to obtain a dry film thickness of 1-2 mils per coat, and then baked at 350-450°F/177-232°C. 

Butyl phenolic resin is a typical tackifier for solvent-borne polychloroprene adhesives. For these adhesives, rosin esters and coumarone-indene resins can also be used. For nitrile rubber adhesives, hydrogenated rosins and coumarone-indene resins can be used. For particular applications of both polychloroprene and nitrile rubber adhesives, chlorinated rubber can be added. Styrene-butadiene rubber adhesives use rosins, coumarone-indene, pinene-based resins and other aromatic resins. 

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