Liquids mixing with solids

Liquids mixed with solid particles ( hydraulic transport ). 

At 577°C the eutectic reaction takes place the liquid decomposes into solid (Al) mixed with solid Si, but on a finer scale than before (bottom of Fig. A1.32). This intimate mixture of secondary (Al) with secondary Si is the eutectic structure. 

An aldehyde was mixed with solid supported triphenylphosphine oxide (3 equiv.), alkyl halide (4 equiv.), and potassium carbonate (4 equiv.) in methanol (2 ml). The mixture was heated at 150° for 5 min. The residue was filtered through a short plug of silica gel and washed. The solution was concentrated and purified by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). 

The polymer is first melted and then mixed with solid drug particles or liquid drugs. This mixture is suspended in an immiscible solvent and heated to 5°C above the melting point of the polymer under continuous stirring. The emulsion is then cooled below the melting point until the droplets solidify. 

PEG oligomers (MWs = 200 and 400), which are liquids at room temperature, were mixed with solid, native cage structure a-CD and observed by X-ray diffraction to convert to columnar structure PEG-a-CDcs [45,72]. An example is presented in Fig. 5, where the scattering peaks at 20 12 and 20°, characteristic [6] of cage a-CD and columnar a-CDcs, respectively, are observed to decrease and increase... 

In slurry reactors (Figure 4.30), a slurry of liquid containing the reactant B mixed with solid catalyst particles is passed through the reaction vessel while the gas containing reactant A is bubbled through the slurry contained in the vessel. Slurry reactor is used for the hydrogenation of vegetable oil in the presence of Ni catalyst particles. The reaction is... 

Practical Application.—Advantage is taken of the fact that the boiling point of a pair of non-miscible or slightly miscible liquids is lower than that of either pure component, to distil substances which could not be heated to their own boiling points without decomposition, or which are mixed with solid impurities. 

We now leave pure materials and the limited but important changes they can undergo and examine mixtures. We shall consider only homogeneous mixtures, or solutions, in which the composition is uniform however small the sample. The component in smaller abundance is called the solute and that in larger abimdance is the solvent. These terms, however, are normally but not invariably reserved for solids dissolved in Kquids one liquid mixed with another is normally called simply a mixture of the two liquids. In this chapter we consider mainly nonelectrolyte solutions, where the solute is not present as ions. Examples are sucrose dissolved in water, sulfur dissolved in carbon disulfide, and a mixture of ethanol and water. Although we also consider some of the special problems of electrolyte solutions, in which the solute consists of ions that interact strongly with one another, we defer a full study until Chapter 5. The measures of concentration commonly encoimtered in physical chemistry are reviewed in Further information 3.2. 

Ionic liquids are organic salts with a low melting point (<100°C), which are molten fiuid salts at room and even sub-ambient temperatures. They have favourable properties of chemical stability, low flammability, negligible vapour pressure, high ionic conductivity and wide electrochemical window. Furthermore, most of them are transparent (negligible visible light absorption) and so are suitable for BCD. In order to combine the attractive performances of ionic liquids with the advantages of a solid state medium, CPEs were proposed that consisted of ionic liquids mixed with polymer or gel matrices. ... 

The material to be steam-distilled (mixed with some water if a solid compound, but not otherwise) is placed in C, and a vigorous current of steam blown in from D. The mixture in C is thus rapidly heated, and the vapour of the organic compound mixed with steam passes over and is condensed in E. For distillations on a small scale it is not necessary to heat C if, however, the flask C contains a large volume of material or material which requires prolonged distillation, it should be heated by a Bunsen burner, otherwise the steady condensation of steam in C will produce too great a volume of liquid. 

IR spectra can be recorded on a sample regardless of its physical state—solid liquid gas or dissolved m some solvent The spectrum m Eigure 13 31 was taken on the neat sample meaning the pure liquid A drop or two of hexane was placed between two sodium chloride disks through which the IR beam is passed Solids may be dis solved m a suitable solvent such as carbon tetrachloride or chloroform More commonly though a solid sample is mixed with potassium bromide and the mixture pressed into a thin wafer which is placed m the path of the IR beam... 

A liquid sample must be vaporized to a gas or, more likely, to a vapor consisting of an aerosol of gas, small droplets, and even small particles of solid matter. To be examined, the aerosol is mixed with argon gas to make up the needed flow of gas into the plasma and is then swept into the flame. 

To produce vapors and gases by vaporization or decomposition of solids and liquids. Actual combustion usually involves gases or vapors intimately mixed with oxygen moleciiles. 

B. a-Ketoglularic acid. The ester obtained by the foregoing procedure is mixed with 600 ml. of concentrated hydrochloric acid and left overnight. The mixture is concentrated by distillation (Note 5) until the temperature of the liquid reaches 140°. It is poured into an evaporating dish and allowed to cool. The solid mass, weighing 11(3-112 g., is then pulverized. The yield of a-ketoglutaric acid is 92-93% of the theoretical for the last step, or 75-77% based upon diethyl succinate. The light tan product, obtained as described above, is suitable for most purposes, but a purer add, m.p. 109-110° (corr.) may be obtained by recrystallization from an acetone-benzene mixture. 

A semi-open impeller has exposed blades, but with a support plate or shroud on one side. Some people prefer the name semi-enelosed. These types of impeller are generally used for liquids with a small percentage of solid particles like sediment from the bottom of a tank or river, or crystals mixed with the liquid (Figure 6-17). 

Manure is often recycled as a solid organic fertilizer or mixed with water and sprayed as a liquid fertilizer. If the manure is repeatedly used upwind of populated areas, complaints are sure to be filed with the air pollution control agency. 

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