Chlorinated organic solvents

Peracid Processes. Peracids, derived from hydrogen peroxide reaction with the corresponding carboxyUc acids in the presence of sulfuric acid and water, react with propylene in the presence of a chlorinated organic solvent to yield propylene oxide and carboxyUc acid (194—196). 

DMSO, DMF, etc.) [10-14]. That is, the polarity of many ILs is intermediate between water and chlorinated organic solvents and varies, depending on the nature of the IL components (for more details see Section 3.5). 

Destruction of chlorinated organic solvents in a molten carbonate with transition metal oxides... 

Brogren CH, Christensen JM, Rasmussen K. 1986. Occupational exposirre to chlorinated organic solvents and its effect on the renal excretion of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase. Arch Toxicol Suppl 9 460-464. 

Parsons F, Barrio-Lage GB, Rice R. 1985. Biotransformation of chlorinated organic solvents in static microcosms. Environ Toxicol Chem 4 739-742. 

Amaral OC, Otero R, Grimalt JO, Albaiges J (1996) Volatile and semi-volatile organochlorine compounds in tap and riverine waters in the area of influence of a chlorinated organic solvent factory. Water Res 30(8) 1876-1884... 

ROMP reactions have been extensively carried out in water, and the first examples in liquid and scC02 [15] and ionic liquids [16] have been demonstrated. ROMP of norbomene and cyclooctene in scC02 exhibit a similar efficiency to that of chlorinated organic solvents. However, the carbon dioxide based system allows simple and highly convenient work-up of the polymer products. In [bdmim][PF6] (bdmim = 1-butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium cation), norbornene has been polymerized using a cationic catalyst as shown in Scheme 10.15. 

B LLE GC Method (Trihalomethanes and Chlorinated Organic Solvents)... 

Chlorine isotope studies have been applied to understand the environmental chemistry of anthropogenic organic compounds, such as chlorinated organic solvents or biphenyls. The primary goal of such studies is to identify and quantify sources and... 

Van Warmerdam EM, Erape SK, Aravena R, Drimmie RJ, Elatt H, Cherry JA (1995) Stable chlorine and carbon isotope measurements of selected chlorinated organic solvents. Appl Geochem 10 547-552... 

With the redox potential of the aquifer reduced, ISRM could potentially treat a variety of metals, radionuclides, and chlorinated organic solvents. 

Derivatives of gold containing the Au-O-C bond are derivatives of fluorinated alcohols and appear to be always stabilized by PR3 ligands. They all are therefore stable to hydrolysis and soluble in chlorinated organic solvents. Of special interest are derivatives of a dibasic alcohol C(CF3)2(OH)2, where both hydroxyl groups are attached to the same carbon atom. The analogous derivatives have also been described for Cu(I). 

Many of the chiral molecules containing amide groups were bonded to a solid support for the preparation of CSPs [16-19]. The racemic compounds resolved on these CSPs include a-hydroxycarbonyls, /i-hydroxycarbonyls, amino acids, amino alcohols, amine, and derivatized and underivatized diols. The preliminary chiral diamide phase [(/V-foriuyl-L-valyl)aminopropyl)silica gel] has sufficient separability for racemic /Y-acylatcd a-amino acid esters but not in other types of enantiomer [16]. Most of the eluents used with these CSPs are of normal phase mode, including w-hcxanc, 2-propanol, chlorinated organic solvents, and acetonitrile. 

Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) — is a procedure originally developed for sample preconcentration in gas chromatography (GC). In this procedure a small-diameter fused silica optical fiber, coated with a liquid polymer phase such as poly(dimethylsiloxane), is immersed in an aqueous sample solution. The -> analytes partition into the polymer phase and are then thermally desorbed in the GC injector on the column. The same polymer coating is used as a stationary phase of capillary GC columns. The extraction is a non-exhaustive liquid-liquid extraction with the convenience that the organic phase is attached to the fiber. This fiber is contained in a syringe, which protects it and simplifies introduction of the fiber into a GC injector. Both uncoated and coated fibers with films of different GC stationary phases can be used. SPME can be successfully applied to the analysis of volatile chlorinated organic compounds, such as chlorinated organic solvents and substituted benzenes as well as nonvolatile chlorinated biphenyls. 

Supercritical fluids (scf) are highly compressed liquids or gases. The latter already have an established role in "clean extraction (substitution of chlorinated/organic solvents) on an industrial scale (e. g. decaffeination of coffee and tea, extraction of hops, spices, etc.). The specific physical and chemical properties of scf make them particularly suitable for a variety of other applications, e. g. reactions, powder technology and impregnation. 

Solutions of pure N205 in chlorinated organic solvents (CH2C12, CFC13) are mild nitrating agents, which have recently found a wide range of applications (Tab. 10.3). 

Using a new process, ADN can be prepared in a very environmentally friendly manner (without the use of chlorinated organic solvents) by the direct nitration of salts (potassium or ammonium) of sulfamic acid (amidosulfonic acid, H2N-S03H) using mixed acid (HN03/H2S04) ... 

Since nefopam HC1 is a hydrohalide salt, its crystals exhibit some solubility even in a chlorinated organic solvent (e.g. very sparingly soluble in methylene... 

In general, silica brick offers superior acid resistance over red shale or fireclay (again with the exception of HF). Silica is also very resistant to chlorine, organic solvents and many other non-alkaline chemicals. 

One patent was granted for extraction of alkaloids from Thalictrum species. Finely-powdered samples of Thalictrum species were first moistened with NH4OH (10%), and then extracted with a nonpolar chlorinated organic solvent. The extracting solvent was treated with citric acid (0.1-0.5N), and the citric acid basified to pH 9-10 before extraction (2x) with chlorinated solvent. The solvent was removed via distillation, and the residue dissolved in a mixture of polar and nonpolar solvents to afford crystalline alkaloids, such as P-allocryptopine. The alkaloids have antitussive, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-arrhythmic, and choleretic-cholagogue properties [33]. 

If the density of the bulk product is greater than that of water, the product will continue to migrate downward through the water table aquifer under the continued influence of gravity. Downward migration ceases when the product is converted to residual saturation or when an impermeable surface is encountered. Polychlorinated biphenyls and other chlorinated organic solvents are usually denser than water and are characterized as DNAPLs. 

Honma T. 1991. Changes in plasma lipoproteins of rats induced by chlorinated organic solvents. In Proceedings of the 64th Japanese Pharmacological Society Annual Meeting, Kobe, Japan, March 24- 27. Jpn J Pharmacol 55(Suppl 1) 303. 

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