Chlorhexidine , 365, chemical

As is apparent from the above information, there is no ideal disinfectant, antiseptic or preservative. All chemical agents have their limitations either in terms of their antimicrobial activity, resistance to organic matter, stability, incompatibility, irritancy, toxicity or corrosivity. To overcome the limitations of an individual agent, formulations consisting of combinations of agents are available. For example, ethanol has been combined with chlorhexidine and iodine to produce more active preparations. The combination of chlorhexidine and cetrimide is also considered to improve activity. QACs and phenols have been combined with glutaraldehyde so that the same effect can be achieved with lower, less irritant concentrations of glutaraldehyde. Some... 

Treatment of bacterial cells with appropriate concentrations of such substances as eetrimide, chlorhexidine, phenol and hexylresorcinol, causes a leakage of a group of eharacteristic chemical species. The potassium ion, being a small entity, is the fust substance to appear when the cytoplasmic membrane is damaged. Amino acids, purines, pyrimidines and pentoses are examples of other substances which will leak horn treated cells. 

Enzymatic Gram-negative Chemical inactivation Chlorhexidine... 

Although this chapter is directed toward ophthalmic products, it is largely applicable to parenteral and even nonsterile products (solutions, emulsions, and suspensions). The choice of preservative is limited to only a few chemicals that have been found, over the years, to be safe and effective for this purpose. These are benzalkonium chloride, thimerosal, methyl- and propylparaben, phenylethanol, chlorhexidine,... 

Chlorendic acid, 11 479 Chlorendic anhydride, 8 232 CHLOREP program, 25 343 Chlorfenapyr, 14 349 Chlorfluren methyl ester, 13 44t Chlorfurenol methyl ester, 13 44t Chlorhexidine gluconate, 8 340 Chloric acid, 6 103-120 8 544 chemical properties, 6 104 manufacture, 6 104-105 physical properties, 6 103-104 uses, 6 105-106... 

The fraction of the administered dose that is non-speciflcally bound to oral reservoirs is highly dependent on the drug s concentration and chemical nature and the amount of time it remains at the site. For example, a 1-minute rinse with 0.2% chlorhexidine will result in approximately 30% of the total amount dispensed being retained, whereas a 3-minute rinse with 0.1% sodium fluoride will result in less than 1% of the administered dose being found in the oral cavity after an hour. The ability of oral agents to bind to oral reservoirs nonspecifically and reversibly is an important quality for sustained release of drugs. 

Fig. 2.65 Chlorhexidine partial charges (J/mole) assigned to chemical units from extended Huckle molecular orbital theory (Rauck, 2001 Smith and March, 2001)...

Surface-Chemical Aspects of Chlorhexidine in Plaque Control... 

A detailed study of chlorhexidine s surface-chemical characteristics was undertaken in our laboratories. This included work with a series of carefully selected analogs comprising segments of the parent molecule (Structure II R = n-hexyl, n-propyl, or H) or extensions of these (Structure II R = n-octyl or n-dodecyl). 

Chlorhexidine is an antimicrobial agent first synthesized at Imperial Chemical Industries in 1954 in a research programme to produce compounds related to the biguanide antimalarial proguanil. 

What is at the heart of these differences Some chemicals, such as chlorhexidine, are substantive to the skin, that is, the chemical attaches to cells of the stratum corneum. Residual activity of the chemical affects the time and extent of repopulation of the skin after treatment, but the exact mechanism is unknown. Iodophors (or other halogen products) and alcohol are not retained by the skin, but do affect the repopulation by significantly affecting the total count. Other OTC reviewed ingredients, e.g., chlorxylenol (PCMX) and triclosan, have been formulated for skin preparation and are also substantive. These chemicals are absorbed by the skin within approximately 6 hours after application but have activity when present in the skin [66]. Because absorption is a diffusion reaction, the concentration may vary, especially if a second application is made. 

The majority of collected data with products containing substantive ingredients have been obtained using chlorhexidine. When ingredients such as an iodo-phor, iodine, CHG, or other single ingredients are combined with alcohol, the activity is enhanced and may show some persistent residual effect from the added chemical. The immediate action of substantive chemicals may not be rapid on initial contact. 

Musial, W., Kokol, V., Voncina, B., 2010a. Deposition and release of chlorhexidine from nonionic and anionic polymer matrices. Chemical Papers 64 (3), 346—353. 

Poly (hexamethylenebiguanide) hydrochloride preservative, mouthwashes Bromochlorophene Chlorhexidine digluconate preservative, mucilage Sodium salicylate preservative, nebulizer solutions Potassium bisulfite preservative, nontherapeutic 8-Hydroxyquinoline preservative, nonwovens Poly (hexamethylenebiguanide) hydrochloride preservative, NR latex Tetramethylthiuram disulfide Zinc diethyidithiocarbamate preservative, oil field chemicals Dimethyl oxazolidine preservative, oil recovery Tributyltin oxide preservative, oils Maleic acid... 

Chlorhexidine digluconate preservative, surgical scrubs Chlorhexidine digluconate preservative, surgical wipes Chlorhexidine digluconate preservative, synthetic latex adhesives Zinc dimethyidithiocarbamate preservative, synthetic polymer latex Dichlorophene Methylenebis (thiocyanate) preservative, taxidermy Cyanogen iodide preservative, textile chemicals... 

One of the most important problems of cell adhesion is dental plaque, which is formed when bacteria such as streptococcus mutans and streptococcus sanguis adhere to tooth surfaces, causing decay (caries) and gum disease (gingivitis). Dental plaque can be removed by brushing or prevented by chemical additives, such as chlorhexidine, which kill the bacteria. Study of dental plaque is normally done on hydroxy apatite which is the main component of dental enamel. 

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