Chiral space-time

All solutions of Einstein s equations are conditioned by the need of some ad hoc assumption about the geometry of space-time. The only indisputably valid assumption is that space-time is of absolute non-euclidean geometry. It is interesting to note that chiral space-time, probably demanded by the existence of antimatter and other chiral forms of matter, rules out the possibility of affine geometry, the standard assumption of modern TGR [7]. 

The separation of matter and anti-matter can only happen in chiral space-time. This requirement rules out affine geometry. 

Similarly, whole-cell Lactobacillus kefir DSM 20587, which possesses two alcohol dehydrogenases for both asymmetric reduction steps, was applied in the reduction of tert-butyl 6-chloro-3,5-dioxohexanoate for asymmetric synthesis of ft rf-butyl-(31 ,5S)-6-chloro-dihydroxyhexanoate (Figure 7.5), a chiral building block for the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor [ 17]. A final product concentration of 120 him and a specific product capacity of 2.4 mmol per gram dry cell were achieved in an optimized fed-batch process. Ado 99% was obtained for (3R,5S)- and (3.S, 55)-te/ f-butyl-6-chloro-dihydroxyhexanoate with the space-time yield being 4.7 mmolL-1 h-1. 

Interpreted, as it is, within the standard model, Higgs theory has little meaning in the real world, failing, as it does to relate the broken symmetry of the field to the chirality of space, time and matter. Only vindication of the conjecture is expected to be the heralded observation of the field bosons at stupendous temperatures in monstrous particle accelerators of the future. However, the mathematical model, without cosmological baggage, identifies important structural characteristics of any material universe. The most obvious stipulation is to confirm that inertial matter cannot survive in high-symmetry euclidean space. 

A relatively recent type of space-time symmetry has been introduced to explain the results of certain high-cncrgy scattering experiments. This is scale symmetry and it pertains to the rescaling or dilation of the space-time coordinates of a system without changing the physics of the system. Other symmetries, such as chirality, are more of an abstract nature, but aid the theorist in an effort to bring order into the vast array of possible elementary particle reactions. 

The Rh-BINAP-catalyzed process from myrcene to i-(-)-menthol includes a chiral isomerization and ratios of desirable (-)-isopulegol to other isopulegol isomers of 99.7 0.3 as well as space-time yields of 10 kmol enamine (mol Rh) 1 d-1, and total turnover numbers of 400 000. 

The persistent correlation that recurs between number patterns and physical structures indicates a similarity between the structure of space-time and number. Like numbers and chiral growth, matter has a symmetry-related conjugate counterpart. The mystery about this antimatter is its whereabouts in the universe. By analogy with numbers, the two chiral forms of fermionic matter may be located on opposite sides of an achiral bosonic interface. In the case of numbers this interface is the complex plane, in the physical world it is the vacuum. An equivalent mapping has classical worlds located in the two surfaces and the quantum world, which requires complex formulation, in the interface. 

This innocent rule manifests the chirality of space-time, one of its most fundamental features which is consistently ignored it is the key to the mysterious quantized orientation of spin. 

In essence, real world-space is not Euclidean and space is generally curved into the time dimension, consistent with the theory of general relativity. The curvature may not be sufficient to become obvious in a local context. However, it is sufficient to break the time-reversal symmetry that seems to characterize the laws of physics. Not only does it cause perpetual time flow with respect to all mass, but actually identifies a fixed direction for this flow. It creates an arrow of time and thereby eliminates an inconsistency in the logic of physics how reversible microscopic laws can underpin an irreversible macroscopic world. General curvature of space breaks the time-reversal symmetry and produces chiral space, manifest in the right-hand... 

Asymmetry of the time axis is the most likely cause of chirality, the other badly broken symmetry of Nature. Chirality is observed at a number of different levels, most notably in the structure of space-time, the constitution of matter and the structure of biologically active molecules. There is a selection rule that gradually relaxes with increasing complexity and decreasing quantum potential. At the lowest level space-time has an absolutely fixed chirality (time flow) which has never been observed to invert. Matter commonly occurs in one chiral form only, but antimatter, although less common is not unknown. The two chiral forms of matter annihilate when brought into contact. The two molecular chiral forms of biology appear to be of the same stability, both occur freely in Nature and interconversions under appropriate conditions are well known. 

The idea of a closed space-time manifold with an involution has been mooted on the basis of nuclear synthesis (figure 2.6), number theory (figure 2.8), historical argument (4.4), absorber theory (figure 4.8) and chirality (5.9.3). All of these schemes can now be combined into a single construct based on curved Thierrin space-time. 

The following data for the production of chiral y-lactones from me o-diols using the indirect electrochemical NAD" regeneration procedure can be given In a volume of 100 mL using 3.2 mg (1 x 10 mol) of PDMe, 70mg (1 x 10 mol)ofNAD, and 12.5mg(16U)of HLADH, after 20 h 99.5% of the meso-diol (0.5 to 1.0 g = 3.5 to 7.0 mmol) were converted to the enentiomerically pure lactone. Thus, the space-time yield can be calculated to be 6 to 12 g/L -day . The productivity is limited by the small amount of the enzyme. 

The production of the chiral cyanohydrin that is used for pyrethroid synthesis as depicted in Fig. 9 is performed using recombinant (S)-HNL from Hevea brasi-liensis. Under the above-mentioned boundary conditions a space-time yield of 1000 g/L/d (ee = 98.5%) is routinely reached. Fig. 10 shows a selection of products, which are currently on the market. 

Chemical or enzymatic hydrolysis of the chiral cyanohydrin gives access to 2-hy-droxycarboxylic acids. The most prominent examples are (S)- and (R)-mandclic acids, which are mainly used for racemate resolution. Other chiral acids, such as (R)-2-chlorom an del i c acid, are used as precursors for pharmaceuticals (see Fig. 11). Scale-up and production of (R)-2-chloromandelic acid was successfully performed with a space-time yield of 250 g/L/d (ee = 95%). 

While many methods have been reported for the synthesis of chiral 2-hydroxy acids, few have proven to be reliable toward the synthesis of the title compound in terms of overall yield and enantioselectivity. Herein we describe a continuous enzymatic process for an efficient synthesis of (R)-3-(4-fTuorophenyl)-2-hydroxy propionic acid at a multi-kilogram scale with a high space-time yield (560 g/L/d) using a membrane reactor. The product was generated in excellent enantiomeric excess (ee>99.9%) and good overall yield (68-72%). This process can also be adapted to the synthesis of a variety of chiral 2-hydroxy acids with high yield and stereoselectivity. 

An efficient and practical process has been described for the synthesis of (R)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxy propionic acid at a multi-kilogram scale with good overall yields (68-72% for two steps), excellent stereoselectivity (>99.9% ee), and significant cost savings. The key to the process is the use of a continuous membrane reactor which was simple in concept, low cost in design, and provided high space-time yields. This method has a broad substrate spectrum in contrast to asymmetric chemical catalysis and a variety of chiral 2-hydroxy acids can be prepared. Moreover, by alternating d-LDH with l-LDH, both enantiomers can be synthesized. 

Absolute asymmetric synthesis, a rapidly developing field, is a simple approach to the synthesis of enantiomerically pure compounds and has low environmental impact however, enantiomorphic crystals (with a chiral space group) are required, which are not necessarily formed by all compounds with prochiral centers. [2] Enantioselective syntheses with chiral auxiliaries and without biology have been fine-tuned most impressively and have a longer tradition, [3] but are still usually very costly and time-consuming. Several approaches to chemical synthesis may be outlined the synthesis is conducted in chiral media (recently inclusion compounds have been shown to be efficient [4]) or with... 

The idea that the vacuum represents an achiral interface that separates two space-time segments of opposite chirality developed from the notion that mass-dependent quantum effects arise from a field in the vacuum which affects the smallest of objects most prominently. The original argument (Boeyens, 1992) was that quantum behaviour results from feeble interactions through the interface, which create the impression of random wave-like perturbations imposed on the regular motion of small particles. 

The introductory chapter summarizes the contentious issues which stimulate cosmological debate, including the chirality and self-similarity of space-time, the dark-matter postulate and the physical meaning of mathematical singularities. It cautions against the uncritical reliance on the rhetoric of authority and outlines the fundamental considerations which dictate the structure of the work that follows. 

As a reasonable conjecture, we now propose that curved space-time, like an inflexible sheet wrapped around a curved surface, must develop persistent wrinkles—the elementary units of matter or energy. We envisage flat space-time in featureless undulation that develops elementary wave packets when curved. We recognize few types of wave packet with internal wave patterns perceived as the characteristic mass, charge, spin and chirality of the four-dimensional elementary units whose behavior is prescribed by a potential function according to Eq. (2). 

Some common practices further aggravate the situation. The accepted interpretation of special relativity considers all space outside of the Minkowski time cone as non-physical. This prejudice obscures the non-local nature of quantum theory and distorts the common perception of space-time topology. By an equally arbitrary assumption, advanced solutions (in —t) of the three-dimensional wave equation are rejected. This way all perceptions of space-time chirality, the existence of antimatter and non-local correlation are lost. 

Whoever reads this volume without rejecting the picture of a point electron that only shows up as a probability distribution has the same problem. In our perception it occurs, like other elementary entities, as a persistent, flexible, wave-like, chiral distortion of space-time. It has mass, charge and spin by virtue of a characteristic wave structure. It disperses into the vacuum on interaction with another of opposite chirality. 

---