Chinese characterization

In order to identify chemically the so-caUed monascidin A discussed by some Chinese scientists in their papers as a component suitable for the preservation of food, it was isolated and chemical investigations using mass spectrometry and NMR were undertaken. Monascidin A was characterized as citrinin which is known to be a mycotoxin responsible for nephropathies. Thus, in order to avoid the production of this toxin, various strains were screened in order to see whether all were toxino-genic and it was shown that among the species of Monascus available in pubhc collections, non-toxinogenic strains were obtainable. 

Johansson, I., Oscarson, M., Yue, Q. Y. etal. (1994). Genetic analysis of the Chinese cytochrome P-4502D locus characterization of variant CYP2D6 gene present in subjects with diminished capacity for debrisoquine hydroxylation. Mol. Pharmacol. 46, 452-9. 

McClean, S., Whelan, R. D., Hosking, L. K., Hodges, G. M., Thompson, F. H., Meyers, M. B., Schuurhuis, G. J., Hill, B. T., Characterization of the P-glycoprotein over-expressing drug resistance phenotype exhibited by Chinese hamster ovary cells following their in-vitro exposure to fractionated X-irradiation, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1993, 1177, 117-126. 

Sharom, F. J., Yu, X., Chu, J. W., Doige, C. A., Characterization of the ATPase activity of P-glycoprotein from multidrug-resistant Chinese hamster... 

H. Ling, N. Maiqian, G. Chiavari and R. Mazzeo, Analytical characterization of binding medium used in ancient Chinese artworks by pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, Microchem. J., 85, 347 353 (2007). 

Whereas the Annonaceae are characterized primarily by benzylisoquinoline alkaloids, two pyrrolidine alkaloids have recently been found in species belonging to this family. Squamolone (29) was isolated from Annona squamosa L. by Chinese workers in 1962 (68). Despite careful spectroscopic investigation and a total synthesis (Eq. 1), squamolone was assigned the incorrect diazepine formula 30. The correct structural formula (29) was later established by an unambiguous synthesis of 30 (Eq. 2). Compounds 29 and 30 proved to have very similar spectroscopic properties, which could justify the early confusion (69). 

Fleming, S.J. and Swann C.P. (1992). Recent applications of PIXE spectrometry in archaeology 2. Characterization of Chinese pottery exported to the Islamic world. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 64 528-537. 

Scientifically, China is characterized by extremes. It has been described as a vast underdeveloped nation with islands of high technology and science. Chinese scientists are confident that China can do well in any technological or scientific field, within the state of the art, by giving it top political priority... 

Hasegawa, K., Kuge, O., Nishijima, M., and Akamatsu, Y., 1989, Isolation and characterization of a Chinese hamster ovary ceU mutant with altered regulation of phosphatidylserine biosynthesis. J. Biol. Chem. 264 19887-19892. 

NMR, UV and IR spectroscopies are routinely used for the characterization of the majority of reviewed systems and the reader is referred to the individual references for this information. The special cases of structure elucidation of a secondary metabolite of the Chinese drug Danshen Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge) by... 

Cisplatin was first characterized as a radiation sensitizer using hypoxic Bacillus megaterium spores (53). Radiation sensitization by cisplatin was confirmed in vegetative Escherichia coli with a maximum sensitizer enhancement ratio of 1.77 in anoxic bacteria at a cisplatin concentration of 50 uM (54). Zimbrick et al. (55) extended these studies to other platinum complexes. The earliest studies in mammalian cells used hypoxic V-79 Chinese hamster cells and showed a small radiation sensitization with 8 iM of cisplatin (56). Nias and Szumiel (57) first reported that pretreatment of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells with a platinum complex could sensitize well-oxygenated cells to radiation. Wodinsky etal. (58) showed that cisplatin potentiated the effect of whole-body radiation therapy in mice inoculated intraperitoneally with P388 leukemia compared with either modality alone. Therapeutic potentiation was found in MTG-B subcutaneous tumors and intracerebral RBT when the animals were treated with cisplatin and radiation (59). 

The second opium war was characterized by increased British forces, resulting in a more violent conflict. Some reports estimated that in one battle, involving the British storming the port of Canton, 10,000 Chinese had been captured or killed within 10 minutes. Further reports indicated that within one 27-hour period, large swaths of Canton were... 

Other mutants of Chinese-hamster ovary-cells having decreased amounts of lipid-linked oligosaccharides are known, although they are less well characterized. G-Protein of vesicular stomatitis virus grown in one of these mutants appeared to contain fewer, but full-sized rather than truncated, oligosaccharide side-chains. There may be insufficient amounts of oligosaccharide precursor available for transfer to nascent glycoproteins.172... 

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