Chinese pottery

Fleming, S.J. and Swann C.P. (1992). Recent applications of PIXE spectrometry in archaeology 2. Characterization of Chinese pottery exported to the Islamic world. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 64 528-537. 

Li, Jinxian, Wu, Jiqiu and Zhuang, Zhiqiang (2001). Progress in preparation of nano TiCL particles by hydro-thermal process and the primary study on the reaction mechanism. Chinese Pottery Porcelain Industry, 8(2) 29-33 (in Chinese). 

FIGURE 1.12 Woodblock prints of the stamping of a pattern on the surface of a bowl (a) and the firing of a dragon kiln with several chambers (b). These kilns were so named because they snaked their way at a constant gradient up the contours of a hillside. Taken from T ien Kun K ai Wu, 1637 print from Description of Chinese Pottery and Porcelain [9]. 

Bushell, S. W., Description of Chinese Pottery and Porcelain (translation of "Tao Shuo ). Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford, 1977. 

Hobson, R L., Chinese Pottery and Porcelain. Dover, New York, 1976. 

L. Jiazhi, The evolution of Chinese pottery and porcelain technology, in Ancient Technology to Modem Science, Ceramics and Civilization, Vol. 1, W.D. Kingery (ed.), The American Ceramic Society, Columbus, OH, 1984, pp. 135-162. 

University Research. The Shanghai Museum contains a collection of very rare ancient Chinese pottery from the Neolithic times to the end of the Qing Dynasty. It shows that advanced ceramic coatings mimicking gold, wood, or gemstones in color and refraction have been known to humanity for several millennia. 

Since the early Chinese periods up to about 1200, the colors based on iron and copper were the mainstay of Chinese pottery. Later a new coloring palette was developed based on the following ... 

Enameling is an old and widelyadopted technology.19 The ancient Egyptians applied enamels to pottery and stone objects. The ancient Greeks, Celts, Russians, and Chinese also used enameling processes on metal objects.9... 

Xu, A. W., Wang, C. S., Chi, J. Q., et al. (2001). Preliminary provenance research on Chinese Neolithic pottery Huating (Xinyi County) and three Yellow River Valley sites. Archaeometry 43 35 17. 

From the time that they first appeared in Europe during the sixteenth century, Chinese porcelain objets d art were highly prized. Porcelain was far harder than any other ceramic material, and it exhibited a translucence that no European pottery could match. The first porcelain pieces to arrive in Europe inevitably found their way into the treasuries of European rulers. Then, as the porcelain trade grew, wealthy aristocrats began collecting objects made of the precious material. Europeans potters naturally looked for ways to manufacture porcelain themselves. If they discovered the secret, the profits would be immense. However, the secret of manufacturing porcelain turned out to be as elusive as the secret of the Philosopher s Stone. 

During Chinese Civil War, Kin s fleet used thin, brittle pottery bottles charged with quicklime, poison and iron pickles ( ). The resulting smoke injured the eyes of enemy (Ref 66, p 15)... 

VA-I them to our advantage. Once we learned how to control fire, we were able to create many new substances. Moldable wet clay, for example, was found to harden to ceramic when heated by fire. By 5000 B.C., pottery fire pits gave way to furnaces hot enough to convert copper ores to metallic copper. By 1200 B.c., even hotter furnaces were converting iron ores to iron. This technology allowed for the mass production of metal tools and weapons and made possible the many achievements of ancient Chinese, Egyptian, and Greek civilizations. 

Kanlinite is a mineral of widespread occurrence, well distributed throughout the world, The finest kaolinite locality in Europe is said to he in France, from whence the clay is obtained for porcelain ware. Cornwall and Devonshire in England supply large quanlities of this mineral. In the United States, Pennsylvania. Virginia. Colorado. Georgia, and South Carolina contain deposits of kaolinite. The word kaolin or kaolinitc is said to he a corruption of a Chinese word kauliug. the name of a locality where this mineral is found, Kaolinite is very important commercially in the manufacture of china and pottery. 

In 751 the Perian Abbasids defeated the Chinese. Chinese prisoners introduced fine ceramics in Mesopotamia. This pottery flourished in the 9th and 10th century. 

All of the wrecks discussed above were excavated in the Mediterranean Sea. Many wrecks have been excavated in other parts of the world-for example, China. In 1973 a shipwreck was discovered off the coast of Quanzhou in east China. Its cargo contained pottery and fragrant wood. Dated to 1277, the ship is one of the earliest examples of Chinese nautical design. Examination of the wreck brought to light a new fact about Chinese ship construction. Chinese ships were not flat-bottomed, as formerly believed, but rather V-shaped, with a keel that tapered inward. 

The use of antimony in pottery coloration was known to the ancients. This is evident from the fact that the Chinese have used the oxide for a long time in the preparation of the yellow background and of carnation. Nowadays various shades of the same colour can be obtained by the addition of either zinc oxide or of tin oxide, which has the effect of brightening the colour or of iron oxide, to deepen the general tone of the colour or of the oxides of chromium and cobalt, to give a greenish tint to it. 

Food archaeologists may try to recreate the diet of a culture long past, using the physical evidence that remains from plant and animal meals, as well as written recipes that survive. In 2009, archaeologists managed to analyze and reproduce an ancient Chinese wine using chemical analyses of the wine residue found in pottery jars. 

Peach Bloom. A glaze effect on pottery produced by the Chinese and characterized by its soft pink colour with patches of deeper red. It is achieved by the addition of copper oxide to a high-alkali glaze but requires very careful control of the kiln atmosphere the bloom results from incipient devitrification of the glaze surface. Peacock Blue. A ceramic colour made from a batch such as 33% Cobalt oxide, 7% standard black (q.v.), 45% China Stone, 15% Flint. 

Willow Pattern. This well-known pseudo-Chinese scene was first engraved, in 1780, for the decoration of pottery ware, by Thomas Minton for Thomas Turner of the Caughley Pottery, Shropshire, England. 

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