Children and adolescents

American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Practice parameters for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with substance abuse disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 37 122—126, 1998 American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition, Text Revision. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Association, 2000... 

Fig. 3. Onset at anaphylaxis related to gender (a) children and adolescents (n = 135) and (b) adults (n = 734).

BohlkeK, Davis RL,DeStefanoF,etal Epidemiology 24 of anaphylaxis among children and adolescents enrolled in a health maintenance organization. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004 113 536-542. 25... 

M. Zuberbier T, Niggemann B Food allergy and non-allergic food hypersensitivity in children and adolescents. Clin Exp Allergy 2004 34 1534-1541. 31... 

Peng MM. Jick H A population-based study of the incidence, cause, and severity of anaphylaxis in the United Kingdom. Arch Intern Med 2004 164 317-319. Bohlke K, Davis RL, DeStefano F. et al Vaccine Safety Datalink Team. Epidemiology of anaphylaxis among children and adolescents enrolled in a health maintenance organization. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004 113 536-542. 

Sampson HA, Mendelson L, Rosen JP Fatal and near-fatal anaphylactic reactions to food in children and adolescents. N Engl J Med 1992 327 380-384. De Bilderling G, Mathot M, Agustsson S, Tuerlinckx D. Jamart J. Bodart E Early skin sensitization to aeroallergens. Clin Exp Allergy 2008 38 643-648. 

Reductions in aggressive behavior after treatment with amphetamine and other psyehomotor stimulants are seen in children and adolescents who have been diagnosed with hyperkinesis or attention deficit disorder. There is considerable disagreement about these diagnostic categories and about whether the violent outbursts and uncontrolled episodes of aggressive behavior are limited to the early developmental period or continue into adulthood (Mendelson et al. 1971 Minde et al. 1972). 

PREVENTION RESEARCH DETERRING DRUG ABUSE AMONG CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS. Catherine S. Bell, M.S., and Robert J. Battjes, D.S.W., eds. 

Children and adolescents stage 1 hypertension is classified by blood pressure levels that range from the 95th percentile to 5 mm Hg above the 99th percentile. 

The fourth report on the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. Pediatrics 2004 114(2 Suppl 4th Report)=555-576. 

Exercise is one of the most common precipitants of asthma symptoms, and exercise-induced asthma is commonly seen in children and adolescents. Exercise may be a precipitant in up to 90% of the population with asthma and maybe the first precipitant noticed in an asthma patient.18 Shortness of breath, wheezing, or chest tightness usually occur during or shortly after vigorous exercise and resolve within 30 to 60 minutes. 

From Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. A Comprehensive Immunization Strategy to Eliminate Transmission of Hepatitis B Virus Infection in the United States. Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) Part 1 Immunization of Infants, Children, and Adolescents. http //www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5416a1. htm s cid=rr5416a1 e. 

Part 1 Immunization of Infants, Children and Adolescents. MMWR Recomm Rep 2005 54(RR-16) l-39. 

Lewis D, Ashwal S, Hershey A, et al. Practice parameter Pharmacological treatment of migraine headache in children and adolescents. Report of the American Academy of Neurology Quality Standards Subcommittee and the Practice Committee of the Child Neurology Society. Neurology 2004 63 2215-2224. 

Antidepressant medications appear to be useful for certain children and adolescents, particularly those who have severe or psychotic depression, fail psychotherapeutic measures, or experience chronic or recurrent depression. SSRIs generally are considered the initial antidepressants of choice, although comorbid conditions may favor alternative agents. Clinicians should be aware of the possibility of behavioral activation with the SSRIs, including such symptoms as impulsivity, silliness, daring conduct, and agitation.44 Desipramine should be used with caution in this population because of several reports of sudden death, and a baseline and follow-up electrocardiogram (ECG) may be warranted when this medication is used to treat pediatric patients.9... 

Cyclothymic disorder is a chronic mood disturbance generally lasting at least 2 years (1 year in children and adolescents) and characterized by mood swings including periods of hypomania... 

Kowatch RA, Fristad M, Birmaher B, et al. Treatment guidelines for children and adolescents with bipolar disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2005 44 213-235. 

Five to seven million children and adolescents in the United States suffer from nocturnal enuresis. Primary enuresis is twice as common as secondary enuresis. Enuresis is twice as common in boys as compared to girls. The incidence of enuresis varies as a function of age24,25 ... 

In children and adolescents, treatment practices are similar to the approach in adults with a focus on nonpharmacologic... 

The use of hydroxyurea in children and adolescents with SCD has been investigated, and similar results were... 

Sickle Cell Disease Care Consortium. Sickle cell disease in children and adolescents Diagnosis, guidelines for comprehensive care, and care paths and protocols for management of acute and chronic complications, November 2001 available at www.scinfo.org/Protocol-2002.PDF accessed June 9,2006. 

Children younger than 4 years of age or infants, children, and adolescents exposed to adults at high risk... 

The long-term (more than several weeks) use of levofloxacin in children and adolescents has not be approved because of concerns about effects on bone and cartilage growth. However, most experts agree that the drug should be considered for children with tuberculosis caused by organisms resistant to both INH and RIF. The optimal dose is not known. 

The long-term (more than several weeks) use of moxifloxacin in children and adolescents has not been approved because of concerns about effects... 

---