Enuresis secondary

Five to seven million children and adolescents in the United States suffer from nocturnal enuresis. Primary enuresis is twice as common as secondary enuresis. Enuresis is twice as common in boys as compared to girls. The incidence of enuresis varies as a function of age24,25 ... 

Klackenberg, G. (1981) Nocturnal enuresis in a longitudinal perspective. A primary problem of maturity and/or a secondary environmental reaction Acta Paediatr Scand 70 453-457. 

Apakama DC, Bleetman A. Hyponatraemic convulsion secondary to desmopressin treatment for primary enuresis. J Accid Emerg Med 1999 16(3) 229-30. 

Saw palmetto is a reproductive amphoteric, and it normalizes function. If a person has a lack of libido because of exhaustion, it will nourish and strengthen your entire endocrine system, including the reproductive organs. If a person has delayed puberty or poorly developed secondary sexual characteristics, saw palmetto will help to stimulate sexual maturation and increase activity. In prostatic enlargements it will help to relieve symptoms of dysuria, nocturnal enuresis, and urinary dribbling, but by itself it will not shrink a swollen prostate. 

The essential feature of enuresis is repeated involuntary or intentional voiding of urine by day or night that is not caused by a general medical condition (Table 61-7). Medical causes of inappropriate voiding (e.g., diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, seizure disorders, or urinary tract infections) should be ruled out. Enuresis may be primary or secondary. Primary enuresis, the most common type, is diagnosed if the child has never established urinary continence. Secondary enuresis follows an established period (3 to 6 months) of urinary continence. 

Teaching continence skills and various behavioral and conditioning methods remain the primary treatments for enuresis, and drug treatment remains a secondary approach. Combined treatment with an enuresis alarm and desmopressin may be successful for severe enuresis. ... 

Urinary tract Urinary system adverse reactions, especially enuresis, have been associated with clozapine [SED-15, 832] with an estimated incidence greater than 6%. The mechanisms include overflow incontinence after urinary retention due to the anti-muscarinic action of clozapine or a cholinomimetic activity, and reduced internal urethral sphincter tone caused by aj adrenoceptor blockade enuresis has also been attributed to a non-specific action of clozapine such as excessive sedation, lowering of the seizure threshold, and constipation exacerbating urinary retention and over-fiow. Secondary enuresis in a 21-year man with schizophrenia settled with resolution of his psychotic symptoms but later remerged after starting clozapine [SS ]. 

Zaman N, Karale M, Agius M. Secondary enuresis body dysmorphic disorder in a Caucasian male with catatonic schizophrenia a case report. Psychiatr Danub 2010 22(Suppl. 1) S53-5. 

Clinically, MCDC is characterized by the insidious onset of chronic renal failure, with symptoms such as polydipsia, polyuria, secondary enuresis, weakness, pruritus, growth retardation and a relentless progression to ESRD. In 10% of patients with juvenile nephronophthlsis, additional liver fibrosis or dysplasia of the bile ducts can be observed similar to the changes seen in ARPKD (Boichis et al. 1973). 

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