Carbohydrate loading

A number of procedures have been used by athletes to counteract muscle fatigue and inadequate strength. These include carbohydrate loading, soda (sodium bi-... 

The sucrose content of oral liquids may cause significant problems when these products are prescribed for long-term therapy (e.g., asthma, seizure control, recurrent infections). Oral liquid preparations can represent a substantial carbohydrate load to children with labile diabetes, particularly if a child is ingesting more than one liquid medication with a high sugar content. 

Let us view more details of carbohydrate loading procedure. With fasting after exercise, muscle glycogen is restored, but only at a slow rate. A maximal rate of muscle glycogen restoration occurs with glucose or sucrose consumption. Fructose consumption can also restore muscle glycogen, but only at half the rate produced by gluco.se or sucrose. 

Unless the attack is mild and clearly resolving, specific treatment with intravenous heme should be started as soon as the diagnosis has been established. This treatment increases the concentration of heme in the liver, thus decreasing the activity of ALASl and the formation of ALA and PEG. The effect of treatment may be monitored by measuring these metabolites, but this is not essential because clinical improvement is the required end point. Heme administration will not reverse an established neuropathy. If heme preparations are not available, hepatic ALA synthase activity can be decreased by carbohydrate loading,but this treatment is less effective than intravenous heme and more difficult to administer. 

Plasma insulin normal or mcreased Delayed response to carbohydrate loading Hyperglucagonemia... 

Hypokalemic periodic paralysis is a rare complication of hyperthyroidism commonly observed in Asian and Hispanic populations. It presents as recurrent proximal muscle flaccidity ranging from mild weakness to total paralysis. The paralysis may be asymmetric and usually involves muscle groups that are strenuously exercised before the attack. Cognition and sensory perception are spared, whereas deep tendon reflexes are commonly markedly diminished. Hypokalemia results from a shift of potassium from extracellular to intracellular sites. High carbohydrate loads and exercise provoke the attacks. Treatment includes correcting the hyperthyroid state, potassium administration, spironolactone to conserve potassium, and propranolol to minimize intracellular shifts. ... 

Many of (he effects of chronic alcohol abuse arc due either to the toxicity of acetaldehyde and/or the failure of one or more of the many homeostatic and synthetic mechanisms in the liver. One of the earliest signs of chronic alcohol abuse is hepatomegaly. This results from the accumulation of triglyceride due to increased synthesis from the carbohydrate load and reduced protein synthesis. Continued high ethanol intake may cause the following sequelae ... 

EXAMPLE 13.26 Manipulation of glycogen concentration by exercise or dietary intervention is often referred to as carbohydrate loading. The strategy favored in the late 1960s was a highly invasive program that involved two exhaustive... 

During spring and summer, when LJ is cultivated in the waters surrounding Japan, much of the immature material is culled for density adjustment and disposed of as waste. This immature Laminaria may be a new abimdant source of marine medicinal foods for preventing lifestyle-related diseases. The effects of LJE on the postprandial blood glucose level were examined in carbohydrate-loaded mice, as shown in Fig. 15.4. 

FIGURE 15.4 Effects of tJEs on postprandial elevation of the blood glucose level in carbohydrate-loaded mice. Carbohydrate (1000 mg/kg each) and sample solution were intubated to mice (1 ml/30 g BW). Sample solution contained distilled water only (control closed circles), 640 mg/kg of mature IJE (mature IJ open squares), or 640 mg/kg of immature LJE (immature U) open triangles). Data are expressed as the average SE (n = 4). p < 0.01, p < 0.005 versus control. 

Similar to the finding for Sf2a, four RUs (a hexadecamer, 35) were required for maximal immunogenicity in mice. Two other factors were found to impact on the immunogenicity and specificity of antibodies for the natural LPS the carbohydrate loading onto the protein and the choice of terminal non-reducing end. The copious amount of data accumulated will probably lead to a vaccine candidate for human trials. 

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