Chemistry of oxygen

Much of the chemistry of oxygen can be rationalized in terms of its electronic structure (2s 2p ), high electronegativity (3.5) and small size. Thus, oxygen shows many similarities to nitrogen (p. 412) in its covalent chemistry, and its propensity to form H bonds (p. 52) and p double bonds (p. 416), though the anionic chemistry of 0 and OH is much more extensive than for the isoelectronic ions N , and NH2. Simi-... 

The nuclear charge and the electrons it attracts primarily determine the ways in which atoms behave toward other atoms. Mass differences cause only minor chemical effects. Since the isotopes of an element have the same nuclear charge and the same number of electrons per neutral atom, they react in the same ways. Thus we can speak of the chemistry of oxygen without specifying which one of the three stable isotopes is reacting. Only the most precise measurements will indicate the very slight chemical differences among them. 

Cotton, I. J. Chemistry of Oxygen Corrosion Control. Betz/NACE Corrosion 87. National Association of Corrosion Engineers, USA, March 1987. 

G. Czapski, Radiation chemistry of oxygenated aqueous solutions. Ann. Rev. Phys. Chem. 22, 171—208 (1971). 

Figure 3, Standard reduction potentials associated with the chemistry of oxygen values in upper and lower halves of diagram refer to pH 0,0 and pH 7,0 conditions,...

Pickard, R.H. and Kenyon,., Contributions to the chemistry of oxygen compounds. I. The compounds of tertiary phosphine oxides with acids and salts,... 

J.A. Chaney and P.E. Pehrsson, Work function changes and surface chemistry of oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon on indium tin oxide, Appl. Surf. Set, 180 214—226, 2001. 

The chemistry of oxygen can be related to that of carbon and nitrogen... 

As in more recent years, the chemistry of seven-membered ring systems has been dominated by the chemistry of oxygen heterocycles in the form of the marine toxins and, to a lesser extent, the antimalarial artemisinin. Indeed, if it were not for the interest in these systems it would have been a sparse year indeed. For this reason the division of this report will be into just three section, nitrogen, oxygen, and other systems. 

Samuel, D. The physical and theoretical chemistry of oxygen. In Biochemie des Sauerstoffs (Hess, B., Staudinger, Hj, eds.), Berlin-Heidelberg-New York Springer, 1968, pp. 6-25... 

Kmk, T.. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry of Oxygen Species The Handbook Of Environmental Chemistry. Springer-Verlag. New York, Inc., New York. NY, 1997. 

From a structural point of view, to date only Mn centers of nuclearity of 1, 2, and 4 are known in biology, consistent with the redox chemistry of oxygen ... 

For the chemistry of oxygen radicals and oxygen derived species see Halliwell B, Gutteridge JMC (1989) Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine, 2nd edn. Clarendon, Oxford, p 22... 

J. Hartung, T. Gottwald, K. Spehar, Selectivity in the Chemistry of Oxygen-Centered Radicals—The Formation of Carbon-Oxygen Bonds, Synthesis 2002, 1469—1498. 

The analysis of the structural chemistry of oxygen groups with chemical methods is limited to stable configurations and misses by definition all metastable configurations which may, however, be present under in situ oxidation conditions. Chemical structures of reaction products of the reaction sequence provided by eqs 1-7 may be found in this description, but other less stable configurations may also exit. Care should be taken to transfer the knowledge reported here directly to the actual discussion about the atomic structure of oxidation reaction intermediates [86, 122, 155]. 

Greenwood, N. N., Eamshaw, A. (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Oxford Butterworth-Heinemann. Chapter 14 presents an excellent discussion of the chemistry of oxygen. 

Space restrictions mean that the reactivity of multiheteroatom systems or fused systems where both rings are heterocyclic cannot be covered in this section - the reader is referred to the relevant CHEC volumes. Space again dictates that the chemistries of oxygen- and sulfur-containing six-membered heterocycles, and the chemistry of monocyclic six-membered heterocycles with more than one heteroatom, are only briefly indicated alongside the description of pyridine/quinoline/isoquinoline chemistry, but especially where these are not shown by the pyridine prototypes, but again the reader should study the CHEC volumes for a full discussion. The inclusion of an extra heteroatom in a six-membered system exaggerates the effect of the first and so often it is possible to predict properties by extrapolation however, the same is not true for the five-membered systems, so these heterocycles with more than one heteroatom are considered in detail and separately. 

G. Charles Dismukes is professor of chemistry at Princeton University and an affiliated member of the Princeton Environmental Institute and the Princeton Materials Institute. His research interests focus on biological and chemical methods for solar-based fuel production, photosynthesis, metals in biological systems, and tools for investigating these systems. His published works describe the biology and chemistry of oxygen production in natural photosynthetic systems, the synthesis and characterization of bioinspired catalysts for renewable energy production, the use of microorganisms... 

In the 1930s, S. Chapman proposed the following set of reactions to explain the chemistry of oxygen species in the stratosphere ... 

These catalytic reactions are of great importance in low-temperature oxidation reactions, particularly in atmospheric pollution phenomena (e.g., Los Angeles smog), and their elucidation is required for any elementary understanding of the free radical chemistry of oxygen. The difficulty in studying these systems has been the difficulty of studying ozone itself, plus the evident complexity of intermediates and products in the other system. The results, however, will undoubtedly well repay the efforts. 

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