Chemically modified design

Textile finishing includes various efforts to improve the properties of textile fabrics, whether for apparel, home, or other end uses. In particular, these processes are directed toward modifying either the fiber characteristics themselves or the gross textile end properties. Such modifications may be chemical or mechanical in nature. One modification that is not covered in this article relates to the dyeing of textiles and the dyestuffs employed for fibers however, areas that involve chemical finishing designed to modify the normal dye receptivity and the growing use of enzyme treatments are included. 

One major oil and chemical company has collected data on the cost of accidents, the equipment involved and the cause of the failure for more than 50 years. These data are analyzed annually to help decide where to focus efforts to reduce losses and/or to modify design standards to prevent recurrence. This analysis also identifies failures of the PSM and ESH management system. These can be compared with the cost of delivering the systems and adjustments made to expenditures to improve the cost/benefit balance. Any such changes must be carefully considered as normal statistical variation may cause you to take unjustified action. 

A novel antibody supramolecule is designed and prepared by using immunoglobulin M (IgM) as a core and chemically modified IgGs as branches as shown in Scheme 3. The characteristic binding ability and specificity of IgG were found to remain during the chemical modification of IgG with 3MPylC. When IgM for... 

Examination of early -n.m.r. spectra of heparin and of chemically modified heparins121 prompted a reinvestigation of N,0-desulfated, carboxyl-reduced heparin, leading to the isolation of substantial amounts of L-iditol pentaacetate.121,122 In addition, improved conditions for the acid hydrolysis of heparin and carboxyl-reduced heparin gave increased recoveries of L-iduronic acid and 1,6-anhydro-L-idose, respectively.123 These findings confirmed the L-enantiomeric designation of the iduronic acid, and established that it is the main uronic acid in heparin. 

F. Bedioui, S. Trevin, and J. Devynck, Chemically modified microelectrodes designed for the electrochemical determination of nitric oxide in biological systems. Electroanalysis 8, 1085-1091 (1996). 

R.W. Murray, A. Ewing, and R. Durst, Chemically modified electrodes - molecular design for Electroanalysis. Anal. Chem. 59, 379A-384A (1987). 

The mica Flagopit with polydispersity 0,749 and average probable particles size 0,23><1 O 6 m is used. The initial mica (conditional designation NMM) and also mica chemically modified by sodium hydroxide (SMM) and sulphur acid (AMM) were applied. 

Many therapeutic agents are administered in a chemically modified form to improve features such as their solubility characteristics, ease of administration and bioavailability (Bowman and Rand, 1988). Such a prodrug must be designed to break down in vivo to release the active drug, sometimes at a... 

Abstract For more than a half century, tobacco manufacturers have conducted sophisticated internal research to evaluate nicotine delivery, and modified their products to ensure availability of nicotine to smokers and to optimize its effects. Tobacco has proven to be a particularly effective vehicle for nicotine, enabling manipulation of smoke chemistry and of mechanisms of delivery, and providing sensory cues that critically inform patterns of smoking behavior as well as reinforce the impact of nicotine. A range of physical and chemical product design changes provide precise control over the quantity, form, and perception of nicotine dose, and support compensatory behavior, which is driven by the smoker s addiction to nicotine. Cigarette... 

For conclusive RNAi experiments, the design of potent and also highly specific siRNAs is essential. Therefore, several mechanistic aspects of siRNAs should be considered when siRNAs are designed. In addition, siRNAs can be improved by the insertion of chemically modified nucleotides. So far, numerous siRNA design... 

A number of modified nucleotides have been tested and described in siRNA design. These are mostly modifications of the 2 OH group of the ribose. By the incorporation of chemically modified nucleotides into siRNAs, the on-target efficiency of the siRNAs can be increased (42 4). On the other hand, different types of siRNA off-target effects can be reduced by the use of chemically modified nucleotides immunostimulatory effects (reviewed in (20)) as well as sequence-dependent miRNA-like off-target effects (26, 44,45) and passenger strand incorporation (46, 47). In addition, chemical modifications can be used to improve the cellular delivery of siRNAs in living animals and are important tools to enhance the serum stability of siRNAs (48). 

Conventional and multivariate methods were used to establish the best pyrolysis and atomisation temperatures and the chemical modifier (centred full factorial designs). A comparison is presented... 

Chemisorption [9] is an adsorptive interaction between a molecule and a surface in which electron density is shared by the adsorbed molecule and the surface. Electrochemical investigations of molecules that are chemisorbed to electrode surfaces have been conducted for at least three decades. Why is it, then, that the papers that are credited with starting the chemically modified electrode field (in 1973) describe chemisorption of olefinic substances on platinum electrodes [10,11] What is it about these papers that is different from the earlier work The answer to this question lies in the quote by Lane and Hubbard at the start of this chapter. Lane and Hubbard raised the possibility of using carefully designed adsorbate molecules to probe the fundamentals of electron-transfer reactions at electrode surfaces. It is this concept of specifically tailoring an electrode surface to achieve a particularly desired goal that distinguishes this work from the prior literature on chemisorption, and it is this concept that launched the chemically modified electrode field. 

It would appear certain that the most important need in LCEC is the development of improved electrode materials. It may be possible in the near future to design an electrode that will give superior performance for certain classes of compounds. Modifying electrode surfaces by covalent attachment of various ligands or electron-transfer catalysts (including enzymes) can provide the key to better amperometric devices for all sorts of analytical purposes. Research in the area of chemically modified electrodes (CMEs) has been reviewed (see Chap. 13) [6,11]. Those interested in improving the performance of electrochemical detectors would do well to study these developments in detail. 

An area currently very active in electrochemical research deals with the design, fabrication and applications of chemically modified electrodes (CME s). The attractiveness of CME s stems from their potential to replace precious metals such as Pt in electrocatalysis for energy production (1-9), energy storage (10-13), electrosynthesis (14-19), electroanalysis (20-28), and other purposes (29-31). One approach has been to "immobilize", either by covalent attachment, strong adsorption or incorporation into polymeric structures, electrochemically active molecules, called mediators, which act as electron transfer bridges between the electrode surface and the solution species. It has been... 

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