Chemical warfare agents, identifications

A. Manninen (Ed.), Systematic Identification of Chemical Warfare Agents, Identification of Non-phosphorus Warfare Agents, B.3, Identification of Non-phosphorus Warfare Agents, The Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland, Helsinki, 1982. 

China Chemical Warfare Agent Identification Kit, M-75 - Wet chemistry detection of nerve, blister, choking, vomiting, and blood agents... 

J. Enqvist and M. Rautio (Eds), B. Systematic Identification of Chemical Warfare Agents. 

W.A. Carrick, D.B. Cooper and B. Muir, Retrospective identification of chemical warfare agents by high-temperature automated thermal desorp-tion-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, J. Chromatogr. A, 925, 241-249 (2001). 

R.M. Black and R.W. Read, Application of liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry to the analysis and identification of degradation products of chemical warfare agents, J. Chromatogr. A, 759, 79-92 (1997). 

A. Kaipainen, O. Kostiainen and M.-L. Riekkola, Identification of chemical warfare agents in air samples using capillary column gas chromatography with three simultaneous detectors, J. Microcol. Sep., 4, 245-251 (1992). 

Figure 6. Reconstructed ion current LC/APCI/MS (positive ion) chromatogram of a mixture of 19 analytes (each 10 J.g/ml in water). l.MPA, 2. TDGO, 3. triethanolamine, 4. jV-methyldiethanolaminc, 5. EPA, 6. iV-ethyldietha-nolamine, 7. thiodiglycol sulfone, 8. 3-quinuclidinol, 9. EMPA, 10. TDG, 11. n-PrPA, 12. diisopropylaminoethanol, 13. EEPA, 14. r -PrMPA, 15. tert-BuPA, 16. w-BuPA, 17. cHexMPA, 18. Pin MPA, 19. benzilic acid. (Reprinted from Journal of Chromatography A, 759, R.M. Black and R.W. Read, Application of liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation mass spectrometry, and tandem mass spectrometry, to the analysis and identification of degradation products of chemical warfare agents, pp. 79-92 (1997), with permission from Elsevier)...

R. Kostiainen, A.P. Bruins and V.M.A. Hakkinen, Identification of degradation products of some chemical warfare agents by capillary electrophoresis ionspray mass-spectrometry, J. Chromatogr., 634, 113-118 (1993). 

Adducts with macromolecules, particularly proteins, offer long-lived biological markers of exposure to Chemical Warfare Agent (CWA), possibly up to several months. Gas or liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry, are the methods of choice for unequivocal identification of these adducts or metabolites at trace levels. Several... 

Chemical Agent Identification Set, attaining aid containing vials of various chemical-warfare agents normally in dilute chloroform solution. Source Opresko et al. 1998. 

MULTIDIMENSIONAL IDENTIFICATION OF CHEMICAL WARFARE AGENTS USING SHAPED FEMTOSECOND PULSES... 

In order to limit the search space we have developed a highly efficient method based on binary phase shaping which optimizes multiphoton intrapulse interference. Typically, we evaluate all 10-bit binary phase functions, which result in 1024 distinct fields. The results from these experiments are mapped based on criteria that can be used to identify particular chemical warfare agents. A subset of 3-10 shaped pulses are then selected for multidimensional identification purposes. In the field, the selected prrlses are applied as a sequence achieving sub-second mrrltidimensional analysis. 

Beaudry, W.T., Szafraniac, L.L., and LesUe, D.R. 1992. Reactions of Chemical Warfare Agents with DS2. Product Identification by NMR, CRDEC-TR-364, June, and references cited therein. 

If continuous monitoring is required, vapor sensors can be used. The most common type of vapor sensor is the metal oxide sensor (MOS). In general, a MOS responds to virtually all organic vapors and provides information that a vapor release has occurred with little or no identification capability. These types of sensors have the requisite sensitivity to detect vapors at parts per million to parts per billion levels and do not require pre-concentration. Some chemical warfare agents are resistant to oxidation so they are undetectable at low concentrations by metal oxide sensors, unless the sensors are operated at elevated temperatures. 

The Board urge OCDM to give the highest priority to research and development work on detection, early warning, and rapid identification of biological and chemical warfare agents (June 6,1959). 

The Special Operations Forces Nonintrusive Detector and the Swept Frequency Acoustic Interferometry detector are portable, hand-held acoustic instruments developed specifically to enable rapid detection and identification of chemical warfare agents within munitions, railcars, ton containers, etc. 

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