Chemical substances commercial chemicals

RTECS National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) registry of toxic effects of chemical substances contains toxicity data and references commercially important substances... 

AH of the amyl alcohols are TSCA and EINECS (European Inventory of Existing Commercial Chemical Substances) registered. 

A sohd waste is considered hazardous if it is either a Hsted waste or a characteristic waste. Listed wastes include a Hst of specific processes that generate a waste and a Hst of discarded commercial chemical products. There are four hazardous waste characteristics ignitabiHty, corrosivity, reactivity, and toxicity. The last refers to the leachabiHty of a waste and the resultant toxicity in the groundwater using the analytical method referred to as toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP). A Hst of substances included under TCLP is shown in Table 1. 

The LD q for sodium bromide taken orally by rats is 3.5 g/kg body weight, and the TD q orally in rats is 720 mg/kg (8). RTECS Hsts data on reproductive effects in male and female rats. Sodium bromide is Hsted in the TSCA Inventory, the Canadian Domestic Substances Hst (DSL), the European Inventory of Existing Commercial Chemical Substances (EINECS), the Japanese Existing and New Chemical Substances (ENCS), and the Korean Existing Chemicals Hst (ECL). It is not regulated by the U.S. Department of Transportation. 

In the European Union, coal-derived complex chemical substances, ie, those contained in the European Inventory of Existing Commercial Chemical Substances, have been classified for carcinogenicity in the twenty-first adaptation to technical progress of the European Commission (EC) Dangerous Substances Directive 1994 67/548/EEC (57). The EC Regulation 793/93 requires data sets to be submitted by producers or importers to the... 

Poly(vinyl chloride) is Hsted on the TSCA inventory and the Canadian Domestic Substances List (DSL) as ethene, chloro-, homopolymer [9002-86-2]. Because polymers do not appear on the European Community Commercial Chemical Substances listing or EINECS, poly(vinyl chloride) is listed through its monomer, vinyl chloride [75-01-4]. In the United States, poly(vinyl chloride) is an EPA hazardous air pollutant under the Clean Air Act Section 112 (40 CER 61) and is covered under the New Jersey Community Right-to-Know Survey N.J. Environmental Hazardous Substances (EHS) List as "chloroethylene, polymer" with a reporting threshold of 225 kg (500 lb). 

All four butanols are registered ia the United States on the Environmental Protection Agency Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) Inventory, a prerequisite for the manufacture or importation for commercial sale of any chemical substance or mixture ia quantities greater than a 1000 pounds (454 kg). Additionally, the manufacture and distribution of the butanols ia the United States are regulated under the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA), Section 313, which requires that anyone handling at least 10,000 pounds (4545 kg) a year of a chemical substance report to both the EPA and the state any release of that substance to the environment. 

Now in its (ilUi edition, Puriilcation of Laboratory Chemicals continues to provide laboratory scientists with a manual for purifying and increasing the purity of modem commercially available chemical substances. 

Although there is no universal consensus as to the scale of production and use of chemical substances, it is estimated that the average annual world production of such substances is in excess of 450 million tonnes. Other estimates indicate that there are currently identified over five million distinct chemical compounds, with this number increasing at the rate of over a third of a million per year. Whilst many of these compounds are clearly not in everyday commercial or industrial use, it is estimated that at least 100,000 chemical substances can be considered to be in everyday use on a substantial scale, and that this number is being added to at the rate of at least several hundred per year, in the case of substances which are produced in quantities in excess of one tonne per year. 

Most of the provisions of the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) of 1976 (PL 94-469) rely in some way on risk assessment of chemicals. Under the reporting requirements of the statute, any manufacturer, processor, or distributor of a chemical for commercial purposes must inform the EPA immediately after discovering any information which "reasonably supports the conclusion" that a chemical substance or mixture "presents a substantial risk of injury to health or to the environment" unless the EPA Administrator has been adequately informed already. EPA is mandated to establish regulations for testing new or existing substances when it is determined that there is not enough health or environmental information, that testing is necessary to develop such information and that the chemical or mixture "may present an unreasonable risk of injury to health or the environment."... 

EINECS The European inventory of existing commercial chemical substances... 

Boddington, M.J., A.P. Gilman, R.C. Newhook, B.M. Braune, D.J. Hay, and V. Shantora. 1990. Canadian Environmental Protection Act. Priority Substances List Assessment Report No. 1 Polychlorinated Diben-zodioxins and Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans. 56 pp. Available from Commercial Chemicals Branch, Environment Canada, 351 St. Joseph Blvd., Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A OH3... 

The Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) refers to "new chemicals" as those not on the TSCA Inventory of Chemical Substances which lists about 55,000 existing commercial chemicals. All new chemicals must enter EPA s premanufacture notification program (PMN) for review before manufacture. This program is the most complete record of development of new chemicals by U.S. industry over the past 2 1/2 years. To date over 1,000 notices have been submitted, many including confidential business information (CBI). Despite the CBI, it is possible to summarize EPA s experience with new chemical substances and to evaluate the PMN program and its impact on product innovation. That is essentially the aim of this paper. 

First, of all, I would like to clarify the term "new chemicals." I am referring to the TSCA definition as those chemicals not listed on the TSCA Chemical Substance Inventory and maintained on a daily basis by the Office of Toxic Substances within EPA. This is a list of all commercial chemicals - some 55,000 in all - produced in or imported into the United States during the period of 1975 through 1979. My talk this afternoon will not cover the thousands of formula changes in mixtures of chemicals which occur almost daily as industry tries to meet changing market demands. 

Important uses for new chemical substances have often been discovered many years after their commercial introduction. Some of today s most important chemicals, such as resins or plastics were commercially unimportant when they were first introduced. The original uses of new chemicals are slowly supplanted by new applications which increase their production. Therefore, a new chemical must remain commercially viable long enough for new uses to be discovered. 

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