Chemical properties Polymerization

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES Polymerization may occur upon heating or when in contact with acids or galvanized metals incompatible with strong oxidizers, amines, metals and acids FP (-36°C) AT (905°F) LFL (2.9%) UFL (11.2%). 

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES Polymerizes on standing will react with peroxides and oxidizers, liquid or gaseous fluorine LFL (4.0%) UFL (20%) AT (39°F) FP (-4° F). 

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES Polymerization will not occur incompatible with strong oxidizers FP (not available) AT(not available) LFL (not available) UFL (not available). 

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES Polymerization will not occur stable. 

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES Polymerizes easily mixtures usually contain polymerization inhibitors reactive with water, alcohols, acids, amines, strong bases, copper, iron, tin, strong oxidizers and heat attacks some rubber, plastics and coatings FP (19°F) AT (994°F) LFL (5.3%) UFL (26%). 

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES Polymerization may occur reacts with oxidizers, amines,... 

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES Polymerizes to solid in light usually contains a polymerization prohibitor such as hydroquinone or diphenylamine incompatible with acids, bases, silica gel, alumina, oxidizers, peroxides, ozone, 2-amino ethanol, chlorosulfonic acid, ethylene-diamine and heat FP (-8°C) LFL (2.6%) UFL (13.4%) AT (426°C) HC (-9754 Btu/lb). 

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES Polymerizes in sunlight incompatible with copper, alloys, plastics and oxidizing agents FP (5°C) LFL (9%) UFL (15%) AT (986 C). 

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES Polymerizes incompatible with copper, aluminum, peroxides, iron, steel and oxidizing agents attacks iron and steel in presence of water FP (-78°C, -112°F) LFL (3.6%) UFL (33.0%) AT (472°C). 

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES polymerizes to a plastic incompatible with oxidizing agents, copper, aluminum, and peroxides reacts with alcohols and halides FP (-15 °C) AT (519 °C) LFL/UFL (6.5%, 15.5%)... 

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES polymerizes at room temperature unless inhibited with antioxidants reacts with peroxides and other oxidizers reacts vigorously with liquid or gaseous fluorine FP(-20°C, -4 F) LFIAJFL (4.0%, 20.0%) AT (4.0°C, 39°F). 

This can be a very efficient and economical way of separating components that are suspended or dissolved in a liquid. The membrane is a physical barrier that allows certain compoimds to pass through, depending on their physical and/or chemical properties. Polymeric membrane materials are intrinsically limited by a tradeoff between their permeability and their selectivity. One approach to increase the selectivity is to include dispersions of inorganic nanoparticles, such as zeolites, carbon molecular sieves, or carbon nanotubes, into the polymeric membranes - these membranes are classified as mixed-matrix membranes. 

Chemical properties of deposited monolayers have been studied in various ways. The degree of ionization of a substituted coumarin film deposited on quartz was determined as a function of the pH of a solution in contact with the film, from which comparison with Gouy-Chapman theory (see Section V-2) could be made [151]. Several studies have been made of the UV-induced polymerization of monolayers (as well as of multilayers) of diacetylene amphiphiles (see Refs. 168, 169). Excitation energy transfer has been observed in a mixed monolayer of donor and acceptor molecules in stearic acid [170]. Electrical properties have been of interest, particularly the possibility that a suitably asymmetric film might be a unidirectional conductor, that is, a rectifier (see Refs. 171, 172). Optical properties of interest include the ability to make planar optical waveguides of thick LB films [173, 174]. 

Chemical Properties. Higher a-olefins are exceedingly reactive because their double bond provides the reactive site for catalytic activation as well as numerous radical and ionic reactions. These olefins also participate in additional reactions, such as oxidations, hydrogenation, double-bond isomerization, complex formation with transition-metal derivatives, polymerization, and copolymerization with other olefins in the presence of Ziegler-Natta, metallocene, and cationic catalysts. All olefins readily form peroxides by exposure to air. 

Alkali sihcates are used as components, rather than reactants, in many appHcations. In many cases they only contribute partially to overall performance. Utility factors are generally not as easy to identify. Their benefit usually depends on the surface and solution chemical properties of the wide range of highly hydrophilic polymeric siUcate ions deUverable from soluble sihcate products or their proprietary modifications. In most cases, however, one or two of the many possible induences of these complex anions cleady express themselves in final product performance at a level sufficient to justify their use (102). Estimates of the 1995 U.S. consumption of sodium sihcates are shown in Table 6. 

Random copolymers of vinyl chloride and other monomers are important commercially. Most of these materials are produced by suspension or emulsion polymerization using free-radical initiators. Important producers for vinyl chloride—vinyUdene chloride copolymers include Borden, Inc. and Dow. These copolymers are used in specialized coatings appHcations because of their enhanced solubiUty and as extender resins in plastisols where rapid fusion is required (72). Another important class of materials are the vinyl chloride—vinyl acetate copolymers. Principal producers include Borden Chemicals Plastics, B. F. Goodrich Chemical, and Union Carbide. The copolymerization of vinyl chloride with vinyl acetate yields a material with improved processabihty compared with vinyl chloride homopolymer. However, the physical and chemical properties of the copolymers are different from those of the homopolymer PVC. Generally, as the vinyl acetate content increases, the resin solubiUty in ketone and ester solvents and its susceptibiUty to chemical attack increase, the resin viscosity and heat distortion temperature decrease, and the tensile strength and flexibiUty increase slightly. 

Two kinds of monomers are present in acryUc elastomers backbone monomers and cure-site monomers. Backbone monomers are acryUc esters that constitute the majority of the polymer chain (up to 99%), and determine the physical and chemical properties of the polymer and the performance of the vulcanizates. Cure-site monomers simultaneously present a double bond available for polymerization with acrylates and a moiety reactive with specific compounds in order to faciUtate the vulcanization process. 

Physical and Chemical Properties - Physical State at 15 XI and 1 atm. Liquid Molecular Weight 212.4 Boiling Point at 1 atm. Not pertinent (polymerizes) Freeing Point -148, -100, 173 Critical Temperature Not pertinent Critical Pressure Not pertinent Specific Gravity 0.885 at 20 °C (liquid) Vapor (Gas) Specific Gravity Not pertinent Ratio of Specific Heats of Vapor (Gas) Not pertinent Latent Heat of Vaporization 110, 61, 2.6 Heat of Combustion (est.) -16,300, -9,100, -380 Heat of Decomposition Not pertinent. 

Compounds whose molecular compositions are multiples of a simple stoichiometry are polymers, stricdy, only if they are formed by repetition of the simplest unit. However, the name polymerization isomerism is applied rather loosely to cases where the same stoichiometry is retained but where the molecular arrangements are different. The stoichiometry PtCl2(NH3)2 applies to the 3 known compounds, [Pt(NH3)4][PtCU], [Pt(NH3)4][PtCl3(NH3)]2, and [PtCl(NH3)3]2[PtCl4] (in addition to the cis and trans isomers of monomeric [PtCl2(NH3)2]). There are actually 7 known compounds with the stoichiometry Co(NH3)3(N02)3. Again it is clear that considerable differences are to be expected in the chemical properties and in physical properties such as conductivity. 

When polymerizing dienes for synthetic rubber production, coordination catalysts are used to direct the reaction to yield predominantly 1,4-addition polymers. Chapter 11 discusses addition polymerization. The following reviews some of the physical and chemical properties of butadiene and isoprene. 

According to APME, energy recovery should be the preferred waste disposal route for polymeric materials that are very contaminated, bonded, laminated to other materials, or are at the end of their performance with respect to their physical/chemical properties. This paper takes a detailed look at energy recovery from municipal solid waste combustors, and considers the effect of polymeric materials. 

Radiation-induced modification or processing of a polymer is a relatively sophisticated method than conventional thermal and chemical processes. The radiation-induced changes in polymer materials such as plastics or elastomers provide some desirable combinations of physical and chemical properties in the end product. Radiation can be applied to various industrial processes involving polymerization, cross-linking, graft copolymerization, curing of paints and coatings, etc. 

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