Chemical drug delivery systems

Microelectronic circuits for communications. Controlled permeability films for drug delivery systems. Protein-specific sensors for the monitoring of biochemical processes. Catalysts for the production of fuels and chemicals. Optical coatings for window glass. Electrodes for batteries and fuel cells. Corrosion-resistant coatings for the protection of metals and ceramics. Surface active agents, or surfactants, for use in tertiary oil recovery and the production of polymers, paper, textiles, agricultural chemicals, and cement. 

These discoveries generated a lot of effort over the successive 25 years in the preparation of especially designed drug delivery systems for the controlled release of radioactive progesterone [654], colchicine [656], naproxen [657,673, 674], mitomycin C [675-677], inulin [678], trimethoprin [657], succinylsul-fathiazole [657], ethacrynic acid [653], and steroids [633], regardless of whether these drugs are physically trapped in polyphosphazene matrices, or chemically bonded to the polymer skeleton. 

Polymeric drugs and drug delivery systems / Richard L. Dunn, editor, Raphael M. Ottenbrite, editor, developed from a symposium sponsored by the Division of Polymeric Chemistry, Inc. at the 200th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., August 26-31,1990. 

The optimized drug product may be viewed as a drug-delivery system for the one or more drugs that it contains. The goal of this drug-delivery system is to release the drug(s) to produce the maximum simultaneous safety, effectiveness, and reliability, as depicted in Fig. 9. Various physicochemical product properties that influence the quality features of safety, effectiveness, and reliability are shown in Table 6. Some physicochemical properties can affect two or all three quality features of Fig. 9. For example, consider chemical stability. As a drug decomposes, if the... 

V. J. Stella, Prodrugs An overview and definition, in Prodrugs in Novel Drug Delivery Systems (T. Higuchi and V. Stella, eds.), American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, 1975, p. 1. 

V. J. Stella, T. J. Mikkelson, and J. D. Pipkin, Pro-drugs The control of drug delivery via bioreversible chemical modification, in Drug Delivery Systems Characteristics and Biomedical Applications (R. L. Ju-liano, ed.), Oxford University Press, New York, 1980,... 

Poly-j3-malate is readily degraded completely to L-malic acid under both acid and base conditions [108], and it can also be hydrolyzed by enzymes within the cell [105,106]. Recently, several bacteria were isolated which were able to utilize poly-/i-malate as sole carbon source for growth [109]. Because the polymer is biodegradable and bioadsorbable, it is of considerable interest for pharmaceutical applications, especially in controlled-release drug delivery systems [97,98]. Chemical routes to poly-/ -malate are expected to provide materials with various properties [110]. 

Schiraldi et al. [64] have developed this kind of material by combining silica particles and pHEMA. pHEMA is a biocompatible hydrogel that has been widely studied in the past decades due to its chemical-physical structure and mechanical properties. It has been widely used in ophthalmic prostheses (contact or intraocular lenses), vascular prostheses, drug delivery systems and soft-tissue replacement [65]. These authors have shown that by incorporating silica nanoparticles, the resulting hybrid material is highly biocompatible and promotes bone cell adhesion and proliferation of bone cells seeded on it.1 ... 

Zalipsky, S., Seltzer, R., and Nho, K. (1991) Succinimidyl carbonates of polyethylene glycol Useful reactive polymers for preparation of protein conjugates. In Polymeric Drugs and Drug Delivery Systems (R.L. Dunn, and R.M. Ottenbrite, eds.), pp. 91-100. American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C. 

Cytotoxicity Studies Cell culture models have been employed to determine the cytotoxicity of new chemical entities, drug delivery systems, and excipients. Various techniques are available to assess cytotoxicity and cell... 

H. Bundgaard, C. Larsen, E. Arnold, Prodrugs as Drug Delivery Systems XXVII. Chemical Stability and Bioavailability of a Water-Soluble Prodrug of Metronidazole for Parenteral Administration , Int. J. Pharm. 1984, 18, 79-87. 

N. M. Nielsen, H. Bundgaard, Prodrugs as Drug Delivery Systems. 68. Chemical and Plasma-Catalyzed Hydrolysis of Various Esters of Benzoic Acid A Reference System for Designing Prodrug Esters of Carboxylic Acid Agents , Int. J. Pharm. 1987, 39, 75-85. 

Pharmaceuticals, for the purpose of this book, means chemical compounds that are used in pharmaceutical production. This can comprise the active ingredient, which is also called active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) or drug substance or drug product and the inert pharmaceutical ingredients (excipients) that are used to formulate a drug product in the form of tablets, capsules, ointments, creams, lotions, parenterals, inhalers, and a variety of drug delivery systems. 

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