CHARPENTIER

The effective interfacial area depends on a number of factors, as discussed in a review by Charpentier [C/j m. Eng.J., 11, 161 (1976)]. Among these factors are (1) the shape and size of packing, (2) the packing material (for example, plastic generally gives smaller interfacial areas than either metal or ceramic), (3) the liquid mass velocity, and (4), for smaU-diameter towers, the column diameter. 

There are a number of different types of experimental laboratory units that could be used to develop design data for chemically reacting systems. Charpentier [ACS Symp. Sen, 72, 223-261 (1978)] has summarized the state of the art with respect to methods of scaUng up lab-oratoiy data and tabulated typical values of the mass-transfer coefficients, interfacial areas, and contact times to be found in various commercial gas absorbers as well as in currently available laboratoiy units. 

A number of successful devices have been in use for finding mass-transfer coefficients, some of which are sketched in Fig. 23-29, and all of which have known or adjustable interfacial areas. Such laboratoiy testing is reviewed, for example, by Danckwerts (Ga.s-Liquid Reac-tion.s, McGraw-Hih, 1970) and Charpentier (in Ginetto and Silveston, eds., Multiphase Chemical Reactor Theory, De.sign, Scaleup, Hemisphere, 1986). 

SOURCE From Charpentier, Advances In Chemical Engineeiing, vol. 11, Academic Press, 1981, pp. 2-135). 

Two complementai y reviews of this subject are by Shah et al. AIChE Journal, 28, 353-379 [1982]) and Deckwer (in de Lasa, ed.. Chemical Reactor Design andTechnology, Martinus Nijhoff, 1985, pp. 411-461). Useful comments are made by Doraiswamy and Sharma (Heterogeneous Reactions, Wiley, 1984). Charpentier (in Gianetto and Silveston, eds.. Multiphase Chemical Reactors, Hemisphere, 1986, pp. 104—151) emphasizes parameters of trickle bed and stirred tank reactors. Recommendations based on the literature are made for several design parameters namely, bubble diameter and velocity of rise, gas holdup, interfacial area, mass-transfer coefficients k a and /cl but not /cg, axial liquid-phase dispersion coefficient, and heat-transfer coefficient to the wall. The effect of vessel diameter on these parameters is insignificant when D > 0.15 m (0.49 ft), except for the dispersion coefficient. Application of these correlations is to (1) chlorination of toluene in the presence of FeCl,3 catalyst, (2) absorption of SO9 in aqueous potassium carbonate with arsenite catalyst, and (3) reaction of butene with sulfuric acid to butanol. 

Gas/Liquid Interfacial Area This has been evaluated by measuring absorption rates like those of CO9 in NaOH. A correlation by Charpentier (Chem. Eng. Journal, 11, 161 [1976]) is... 

Carbocations Destabilized by Electron-Withdrawing Groups Applications in Orgamc Chemistry Charpentier Manze, M, Bonnet Delpon, D Ad Carbocation Chem 1, 219-253 54 ... 

Bonnet-Delpon, D, Charpentier Monze, M Bull Soc Chim Fr 1986, 933... 

Bonnet-Delpon, D, Charpentier-Morize, M, Jacquot R J Org Chem 1988,53 759... 

Charpentier, P. U.S. Patent 2,645,640 July 14, 1953 assigned to Societe des Usines Chimi-ques Rhone-Poulenc, France... 

The molecular diffusion coefficients in hquid phase can be estimated from the correlations of WiUce and Chang [47] for organic solutions and Hayduk and Minhas [48] for aqueous solutions, respectively. An extensive comparison of the available correlations is provided by Wild and Charpentier [49]. 

Wild, G. and Charpentier, J.-C. (1987) Diffusivite des gaz dans les liquids. Techniques de I ingenieur, P615, 1-13, Paris. 

Jean-Claude Charpentier, Mass-Transfer Rates in Gas-Liquid Absorbers and Reactors Dee H. Barker and C. R. Mitra, The Indian Chemical Industry-lts Development and Needs Lawrence L. Tavlarides and Michael Stamatoudis, The Analysis of Interphase Reactions and Mass Transfer in Liquid-Liquid Dispersions... 

Charpentier, J. Analysis and measurement of aggressive behaviour in mice. In Garattini, S., and Sigg. E.B., eds. Aggressive Behaviour. 

B. A. Charpentier and M. R. Sevenants, "Supercritical Fluid Extraction and Chroaatography", ACS Syap. Ser. 366, Aaerican Cheaical Society, Washington, DC, 1988. 

A well-substantiated correlation for air-water systems taken from the trickle bed literature (Morsi and Charpentier, 1981) was used for the volumetric mass transfer coefficients in the / , and (Rewap)i terms in the model. The hi term was taken from a correlation of Kirillov et al. (1983), while the liquid hold-up term a, in Eqs. (70), (71), (74), (77), and (79) were estimated from a hold-up model of Specchia and Baldi (1977). All of these correlations require the pressure drop per unit bed length. The correlation of Rao and Drinkenburg (1985) was employed for this purpose. Liquid static hold-up was assumed invariate and a literature value was used. Gas hold-up was obtained by difference using the bed porosity. 

Morsi, B. I., and Charpentier, J. C., On mass transfer with chemical reaction in multiphase systems. NATO ASI CESME, Izmir, Turkey, (1981). 

Charpentier, Louis. The mysteries of Chartres Cathedral. London Thorsons for Research into Lost Knowledge Organisation, 1972 reprint, New York Avon, 1975. 

DC Harsh, SH Gehrke. Modeling swelling behavior of cellulose ether hydrogels. In M El-Nokaly, D Piatt, B Charpentier, eds. Polymeric Delivery Systems. ACS Symp Ser 520. Washington, DC American Chemical Society, 1993, pp 105-134. 

Charpentier A. Insurability of Climate Risks. The Geneva Papers of Risk and Insurance. 2008 33 91-104. D01 10.1057/palgrave.gpp.2510155... 

Lucky, R.A. and Charpentier, P.A. (2010) N-doped Zr02/Ti02 bimetallic materials synthesized in supercritical C02 morphology and photocatalytic activity. Applied Catalysis B Environmental,... 

Tavoulareas, E. S., and Charpentier, J. P, Clean Coal Technologies for Developing Countries. World Bank Technical Paper Number 286. 

J. C. Charpentier, Solubility and diffusiv-ity of gases in liquids, in A. Giannetto,... 

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