Charged particles fluxes

B. Windows, N. Sawides, Charged particle flux from planar magnetron sputtering sources, J. Vac. Sci. Tectmol. A4 (2) (1986) 196. 

Process Concept The application of a direct elec tric field of appropriate polarity when filtering should cause a net charged-particle migration away from the filter medium. This electrophoretic migration will prevent filter-cake formation and the subsequent reduction of filter performance. An additional benefit derived from the imposed electric field is an electroosmotic flux. The presence of this flux in the membrane and in any particulate accumulation may further enhance the filtration rate. 

In order to be able to explain the observed results plasma modeling was applied. A one-dimensional fluid model was used, which solves the particle balances for both the charged and neutral species, using the drift-diffusion approximation for the particle fluxes, the Poisson equation for the electric field, and the energy balance for the electrons [191] (see also Section 1.4.1). 

The dependence of T on energy for charged-particle decay can be found as follows. The decay rate is the probability density flux integrated over surface area at infinity, i.e. 

When an element is made radioactive by placing it in a homogenous flux of energetic charged particles of neutrons, the activity produced in the element is given by... 

The role of gas phase initiation processes was further explored by Tibbitt et al. . These authors proposed that the polymerization of unsaturated hydrocarbons in a 13.56 MHz plasma is initiated by free radicals formed in the gas by electron-monomer collisions, the initiation reactions listed in Table 6. Moreover, it was assumed that the formation of free radicals on the polymer surface due to the impact of charged particles could be neglected. This assumption is supported by the fact that at 13.56 MHz and pressures near one torr the discharge frequency is significantly greater than either f, or f and that as a result the fluxes of charged particles to the electrode surfaces are quite small. 

The present model of charged particle states is connected with two fundamental questions in EM held theory. The first of these concerns the electric charge quantization, partly through its relation with the magnetic flux in non-Abelian... 

We begin the quantitative discussion on the kinetics of double salt formation as shown in Figure 6-6a by introducing the familiar flux equations for charged particles and neglect the cross terms. The evaluation will be done with the assumption of a semiconducting spinel product (te, = 1). In this case, d /e = 0 in the product, or djue = F-dtp and dr/Az = d//A. Thus,... 

Consider a ball probe of a conductive sphere such as a stainless steel ball bearing which is connected to an electrometer. When the ball probe is placed in a flow system, the electric current induced by charge transfer between the ball and the flowing charged particles can be measured. The amount of current measured will vary with the particle velocity and particle mass flux. 

In thermodynamic equilibrium, the electrochemical potential of a particle k (juk = Hk + zkeq>, juk = chemical potential,

electrical potential, zk = charge number of the particle, e = elementary charge) is constant. Gradients in jlk lead to a particle flux Jk and from linear irreversible thermodynamics [95] the fundamental transport... 

To perform the experiment [41] an intense beam of high-energy K was constructed at Fermilab. After the 400 GeV/c proton beam struck a beryllium target, a series of collimators and magnets defined the beam and swept charged particles from the flux of secondaries emerging in the forward direction (Fig. 5). The average K momentum was about 75 GeV/c, and typical intensities were about 107 K s and 109 neutrons per accelerator pulse. The setup detected the pions and muons from the decay... 

The particle flux density multiplied by the elementary charge yields the electric current density... 

Nevertheless, hj f°r general cases where the fluid contains more than one electrolytes can either be computed numerically or be derived using an asymptotic expression for equilibrium electrical potential for the case with highly charged particle. O Brien [7] found that counterions with the highest valency play a major role in the ionic flux normal to the particle surface. Therefore, to first-order approximation, only the contributions from these counterions to the normal ionic flux need to be considered. 

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