Magnetism defined

To perform the experiment [41] an intense beam of high-energy K was constructed at Fermilab. After the 400 GeV/c proton beam struck a beryllium target, a series of collimators and magnets defined the beam and swept charged particles from the flux of secondaries emerging in the forward direction (Fig. 5). The average K momentum was about 75 GeV/c, and typical intensities were about 107 K s and 109 neutrons per accelerator pulse. The setup detected the pions and muons from the decay... 

At times, particularly with amorphous materials, the term electret is used instead of piezoelectric to describe a material the term was introduced as an electric counterpart to the magnet, defined as all materials that are able to retain at least a quasi-permanent electric polarization within and perhaps trap charge on the surface (or within in a porous material). Polytetrafluor-ethylene (PTFE) is a powerful electret material. The critical difference among the terms is that electrets retain polarization in thermod3mamic wowequilibrium, pyroelectric materials retain polarization in equilibrium, ferroelectrics permit... 

This algorithm follows the following steps We define the measured map of the magnetic response field matrix A to be ... 

The condition of the magnetic particle suspension is controlled by an automated ASTM-bulb. The bulb is connected to the currently used Magentic particle suspension tank by a bypass, so the suspension in use is flowing through the bulb too. In user defined periods a valve is closed and the Magentic particle suspension remained into the bulb is analysed. The automatic bulb has the ability to measure the extinction and transmission of the suspension related to the time (Figure 1, Figure 2)... 

The shapes, disposition of a magnet relatively to the each other and relatively to the pattern are defined in calculation of magnetic field topography [4]. The geometry like magnets has the fields of identical configuration. It gives the possibility to carry out the calculations as for ferrets so for rare-earth materials. 

Magnetic field is defined by a sum of separate magnetic fields of a magnet. Every this field is formed by current facets ... 

To define the thennodynamic state of a system one must specify fhe values of a minimum number of variables, enough to reproduce the system with all its macroscopic properties. If special forces (surface effecls, external fields—electric, magnetic, gravitational, etc) are absent, or if the bulk properties are insensitive to these forces, e.g. the weak terrestrial magnetic field, it ordinarily suffices—for a one-component system—to specify fliree variables, e.g. fhe femperature T, the pressure p and the number of moles n, or an equivalent set. For example, if the volume of a surface layer is negligible in comparison with the total volume, surface effects usually contribute negligibly to bulk thennodynamic properties. 

Equation (A2.1.8) turns out to be consistent with die changes of the energy levels measured spectroscopically, so the energy produced by work defined this way is frequently called the spectroscopic energy . Note that the electric and magnetic parts of the equations are now synnnetrical. 

Defining the magnetization per site as the average number of up spins minus down spins,... 

The electric field gradient is again a tensor interaction that, in its principal axis system (PAS), is described by the tluee components F Kand V, where indicates that the axes are not necessarily coincident with the laboratory axes defined by the magnetic field. Although the tensor is completely defined by these components it is conventional to recast these into the electric field gradient eq = the largest component,... 

The effect of an MW pulse on the macroscopic magnetization can be described most easily using a coordinate system (x, y, z) which rotates with the frequency about tlie z-axis defined by the applied field B. 

In electron-spin-echo-detected EPR spectroscopy, spectral infomiation may, in principle, be obtained from a Fourier transfomiation of the second half of the echo shape, since it represents the FID of the refocused magnetizations, however, now recorded with much reduced deadtime problems. For the inhomogeneously broadened EPR lines considered here, however, the FID and therefore also the spin echo, show little structure. For this reason, the amplitude of tire echo is used as the main source of infomiation in ESE experiments. Recording the intensity of the two-pulse or tliree-pulse echo amplitude as a function of the external magnetic field defines electron-spm-echo- (ESE-)... 

In this equation, 01 is the ifeqiieney of the RF irradiation, oiq is the Lannor ifeqiieney of the spin, is the spm-spm relaxation time andM is the z magnetization of the spin system. The notation ean be simplified somewhat by defining a eomplex magnetization, AY, as in equation (B2.4.3). 

In this discussion we define the x direction to be the direction of propagation of the light waves. This means that the yz plane contains the oscillating electrical and magnetic fields which carry the energy of the radiation. Only the electric field concerns us in scattering. Since the oscillation is periodic in both time t and location x, the electric field can be represented by the equation... 

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