Charged and neutral

Since ai is usually regarded as independent of the substituent, the inconstancy of ct (see the values quoted above), particularly as between positively charged, and neutral substituents, must arise either from variation of ctp, or of x, or of both quantities. 

Ions impacting onto the cathode during a discharge cause secondary electrons and other charged and neutral species from the electrode material to be ejected. Some of these other particles derived... 

The multiple energetic collisions cause molecules to break apart, eventually to form only atoms, both charged and neutral. Insertion of sample molecules into a plasma discharge, which has an applied high-frequency electric field, causes the molecules to be rapidly broken down into electronically excited ions for all of the original component atoms. 

So far, many kinds of nucleophiles active for hydrolysis such as imidazolyl-, amino-, pyridino-, carboxyl- and thiol-groups, have been used for preparation of hydrolase models. Overberger et al.108,1091 prepared copolymers of vinylimidazole and acrylic acid 60 (PVIm AA), by which the cationic substrate, 61 (ANTI), was hydrolyzed. This kind of copolymer is considered to be a model of acetylcholinesterase. With ANTI, the rate of the copolymer catalysis was higher than that of imidazole itself in the higher values of pH, as is seen in Table 9. In this work, important contributions of the electrostatic interactions are clear. The activity of the copolymer was not as high with the negatively charged and neutral substrates. 

Transition Metal and Organic Redox-Active Macrocycles Designed to Electrochemically Recognize Charged and Neutral Guest Species Paul D. Beer... 

Schwerdtfeger, P., Lein, M., Krawczyk, R.P. and Jacob, Ch. (2008) The adsorption of CO on charged and neutral Au and Au2. A comparison between wave-frmction based and density functional theory. Journal of Chemical Physics, 128, 124302-1-124302-10. 

Razak, J. L., Cutak, B. J., Larive, C. K., Lunte, C. E. Correlation of the capadty factor in vesicular electrokinetic chromatography with the octanobwater partition coefficient for charged and neutral analytes. Pharm. Res. 2001, 18, 104-111. 

In order to be able to explain the observed results plasma modeling was applied. A one-dimensional fluid model was used, which solves the particle balances for both the charged and neutral species, using the drift-diffusion approximation for the particle fluxes, the Poisson equation for the electric field, and the energy balance for the electrons [191] (see also Section 1.4.1). 

Nts is the equilibrium concentration of chemisorbed particles both in charged and neutral form leads us to relationship between the value (0 and ((<). In our case this expression is the following... 

The different classes of compounds that have been successfully separated by MEKC include, among others, phenols [932,933], antioxidants [930,934], vitamins [935], phthalate esters [931,936] (Figure 4.26) and charged and neutral dyestuffs, including some dispersive dyes [937-939]. The separation of various priority... 

Chipot, C. Millot, C. Maigret, B. Kollman, P. A., Molecular dynamics free energy perturbation calculations. Influence of nonbonded parameters on the free energy of hydration of charged and neutral species, J. Phys. Chem. 1994, 98,11362-11372... 

Effective charge and transition-state structure in solution, 27, 1 Effective molarities of intramolecular reactions, 17,183 Electrical conduction in organic solids, 16,159 Electrochemical methods, study of reactive intermediates by, 19, 131 Electrochemical recognition of charged and neutral guest species by redox-active receptor molecules, 31, 1... 

Receptor molecules, redox-active, electrochemical recognition of charged and neutral guest species... 

The sizes of charged and neutral particles were measured as a function of increasing temperature (Fig. 18) [178]. The thermal collapse of the PVCL particles turned out to be a more or less continuous process, regardless of particle charge and the presence or absence of amphiphilic grafts. The PEO chains bound to the particle surfaces had only a minor effect on the transition temperature. The sizes of the particles in cold water varied from sample... 

Rettig W, Rurack K, Sczepan M (2001) From cyanines to styryl bases - photophysical properties, photochemical mechanisms, and cation sensing abilities of charged and neutral polymethinic dyes. In Valeur B, Brochon JC (eds) New trends in fluorescence spectroscopy applications to chemical and life sciences. Springer, Berlin, pp 125-155... 

From Cyanines to Styryl Bases -Photophysical Properties, Photochemical Mechanisms, and Cation Sensing Abilities of Charged and Neutral Polymethinic Dyes, in Valeur B. and Brochon J. C. (Eds),... 

Electrochemical Recognition of Charged and Neutral Guest Species by Redox-active Receptor Moleculesf... 

---