Electric field high frequency

Ohihoff C, Lupke G, Meyer C and Kurz H 1997 Static and high-frequency electric fields in silicon MOS and MS structures probed by optical second-harmonic generation Phys. Rev. B 55 4596-606... 

The multiple energetic collisions cause molecules to break apart, eventually to form only atoms, both charged and neutral. Insertion of sample molecules into a plasma discharge, which has an applied high-frequency electric field, causes the molecules to be rapidly broken down into electronically excited ions for all of the original component atoms. 

A glow-discharge (non-isothermal) plasma is generated in a gas by a high-frequency electric field, such as microwave (2.45 GHz), at relatively low pressure.P9] In such a plasma, the following events occur ... 

In a high-frequency electric field, the gases are ionized into electrons and ions. The electrons, with their extremely small mass, are quickly accelerated to high-energy levels corresponding to 5000K or higher. 

Because of their inertia, the effect on the ions of the high frequency electric field of the electron plasma waves dealt with so far averages out to zero. However, surprisingly, light ions and/or protons have been observed in ultrahigh intensity laser pulse interaction with solid targets since the late 1990s [33-36]. Later on, these particles were found to come from contaminant layers on... 

PE cannot be heated in a high-frequency electric field for, e.g., welding films. Special tricks are then needed, such as coating the film with a thin layer of a polymer with a higher tan 5. 

Lorentz-Lorenz equation). The A , B ,. .. differ from the Ae, BE,. .. by the absence of the permanent dipole terms. At sufficiently high frequencies, the molecules have not sufficient time to reorient themselves in response to the high-frequency electric field and the contributions of the... 

A third possibility is the use of high frequency electric fields to shield areas of the device. 

It is much more attractive to heat the films from the inside, namely by the application of a high-frequency electric field. In this case the clamping device remains cold, and the highest temperature is generated at the surfaces to be welded together. Only polymers with a not too low dielectric loss factor (see 8.2.2) are suitable for this process, such as PVC and PMMA. PE, PP and PS, on the contrary, cannot be welded in this way. 

A very challenging and important field of theoretical research is in regards to the effects of high frequency electric fields as reviewed in Refs. 22.> The pioneering experimental... 

Electrodeless discharge lamps, or EDLs (Fig. 3), are easy to make, but the results obtained are not always reproducible owing to chemical effects with the walls of the lamp, poor outgassing, poor seal-off, etc. A tesla coil starter produces a few free electrons that are accelerated by a high-frequency electric field (through the... 

T. Muller, A. Gerardino, T. Schnelle, S. G. Shirley, F. Bordoni, G. D. Gasperis, R. Leoni and G. Fuhr, Trapping of micrometre and sub-micrometre particles by high-frequency electric fields and hydrodynamic forces, J. Phys. D Appl. Phys., 29, 340-349 (1996). 

A. Mizuno, M. Nishioka, Y. Ohno and L.-D. Dascalescu, Liquid microvortex generated around a laser focal point in an intense high-frequency electric field, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 31(3), 464 68 (1995). 

Chemical vapour deposition (CVD) processes have become a very important group of film-formation methods. Basically CVD is a material synthesis in which constituents of the vapour phase react chemically to form thin solid films as a solid-phase reaction product which condenses on the substrate. The reaction should take place very near to or on the substrate surface (heterogeneous reactions) and not in the gas phase to avoid powdery deposits. Activation of the reaction can be performed by various means such as the application of heat, high-frequency electrical fields, light or X-ray radiation, electric arc, electron bombardment or catalytic action of the substrate surface. A marked influence of the process parameters such as sub-... 

Considerable changes arise in the discharge if high-frequency electric fields of more than 50 kHz are applied. The method of high-frequency cathode sputtering differs from direct voltage sputtering in two main ways ... 

In the same frame of the time-dependent two-term approximation, kinetic problems in quite different time-dependent fields have been dealt with (Wilhelm and Winkler, 1979 Winkler, 1993). So, for example, the temporal evolution of the kinetic properties initiated by jumplike and continuous field transitions between steady states, by pulselike field alterations, or by decaying electric fields and the periodic evolution (Winkler, 1993) caused by the action of high-frequency electric fields in a wide range of field frequencies should be mentioned in this context. 

Figure 13.2 illustrates an inexpensive transformer-rectifier type accelerator. Deuterium molecules leak through a heated palladium foil into the vacuum of the ion source, where a high frequency electric field decomposes the deuterium molecules to form a plasma of D " ions and electrons. The deuterium ions are extracted from the ion source with a relatively low negative potential to enter the acceleration tube with approximately 2.5 keV... 

Which of the following contributes to the polarisability of a solid in a very-high-frequency electric field ... 

It was recognized very early (5), however, that the corresponding effect in a colloidal suspension (the CVP) should be much larger and easier to use since in that case the dipole would be created by the particle and its surrounding double layer. That has proved to be the case and the application of the method to the investigation of polyelectrolytes and proteins has been reviewed by Zana and Yeager (3). More recently, the application of the CVP method to colloidal suspensions and emulsions has been reviewed by Marlow et al. (6) and the more recent developments will be discussed in the next chapter. Here, we will concentrate on the developments in the alternate electroacoustic procediue, the ESA effect. This refers to the production of a sound wave when a high-frequency electric field is applied to a suspension or emulsion. 

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