Characterization of natural rubber

Ceresa, R. J. "Synthesis and Characterization of Natural Rubber Block"and "Graft Copolymers in Block and Graft Copolymerization" Ceresa, R. J., Ed. John Wiley New York, 1973 Chap, 3. 

R.J.Ceresa, "Syntheses and Characterization of Natural Rubber Block and Graft Copolymers", in R.J. Ceresa ed.. Block and Graft Copolymerization, Volume 1, John Wiley, London, Chapter 3, 1973. 

This book focuses on the synthesis and characterization of natural rubber composites and nanocomposites, the interaction between reinforcing agents and the rubber matrix and their effect on different properties. The reinforcing effect of traditional fillers in micro range and the effectiveness of these nanofillers are discussed. This book on natural rubber and nano composites comprises of the most recent research activities that will, unquestionably, be a vital reference book for scientists in both the academic and industrial sectors, as well as for individuals who are interested in natural rubber materials. 

Preparation and Characterization of Natural Rubber Reinforced with Carbon Nanotubes... 

Tanaka, Y. Kawahara, S. Tangpakdee, J. Structural characterization of natural rubber. Kautschuk und Gummi Kunststoff 1997, 50, 6-10. 

E. Trovatti, T.S.O. Capote, R.M. Scarel-Caminaga, AJ.F. Carvalho, A. Gandini, Development and characterization of natural rubber and bacterial cellulose-sponge composites. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, ISSN 2278-4357 4 (7) (2015) 220-235. 

A. H. Eng, Structural Characterization of Natural Rubber, DEng thesis, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Japan, 1994. 

M. A. Adhha, Preparation and Characterization of Natural Rubber-Polyethylene- and Natural Rubber j Polyethylene-Clay Nanocomposites, PhD thesis. University Putra Malaysia, 2007, FS 2007 57. 

Kawahara, S., Kawazura, T, Sawada, T, and Isono, Y. (2003). Preparation and characterization of natural rubber dispersed in nano-matrix. Polymer 44(16), 4527-4531. 

Leblanc JL (2007) Non-linear viscoelastic characterization of natural rubber gum through large amplitude harmonic experiments. J Rubb Res 10(2) 63-88... 

Butyl rubber is produced by a process in which isobutylene is copolymerized with a small amount of isoprene using aluminum chloride catalyst at temperatures around — 150° F. (20). The isoprene is used to provide some unsaturation, yielding a product that can be vulcanized (43). Vulcanized Butyl rubber is characterized by high tensile strength and excellent flex resistance furthermore, as a result of its low residual unsaturation (only 1 to 2% of that of natural rubber) it has outstanding resistance to oxidative aging and low air permeability. These properties combine to make it an ideal material for automobile inner tubes (3), and Butyl rubber has continued to be preferred over natural rubber for this application, even when the latter has been available in adequate supply. 

The usefulness of analytical pyrolysis in polymer characterization, identification, or quantitation has long been demonstrated. The first application of analytical pyrolysis can be considered the discovery in 1860 of the structure of natural rubber as being polyisoprene [10]. This was done by the identification of isoprene as the main pyrolysis product of rubber. Natural organic polymers and their composite materials such as wood, peat, soils, bacteria, animal cells, etc. are good candidates for analysis using a pyrolytic step. 

Similar results were obtained when the crosslinking values were correlated to the ratio of the peak areas or of peak heights of dipentene and 3-methyl-1,3-pentadiene detected in the vulcanized rubber pyrolysates [2]. Other studies using pyrolysis for the characterization of vulcanized rubbers (natural and synthetic) are reported in literature (see e.g. [12]). 

According to this mechanism, natural rubber chains are expected to have one dimethylallyl terminal unit and one isoprenyl pyrophosphate terminal unit the latter may give rise to a hydroxyl group by hydrolysis. From this point of view, acyclic terpenes in the generalized structure (II) may be appropriate models for the structural characterization of natural polyisoprenes by 13C NMR spectroscopy. 

Tanaka Y (2001) Structural characterization of natural polyisoprenes Solve the mystery of natural rubber based on structural study. Rubber Chemistry and Technology 74 355-375. 

The vulcanizates of natural rubber containing different active substances are characterized by ... 

This book on natural rubber presents a summary of the present state-of-the-art in the study of these versatile materials. The two volumes cover all the areas related to natural rubber, from its production to composite preparation, the various characterization techniques and life cycle assessment. Chapters in this book deal with both the science of natural rubber - its chemistry, production, engineering properties, and the wide-ranging applications of natural rubber in the modern world, from the manufacture of car tyres to the construction of earthquake protection systems for large buildings. Although there are a number of research publications in this field, to date, no systematic scientific reference book has been published specifically in the area of natural rubber as the main component in systems. We have developed the two volumes by focusing on the important areas of natural rubber materials, the blends, IPNs of natural rubber and natural rubber based composites and nanocomposites their preparation and characterization techniques. The books have also profoundly reviewed various classes of fillers like macro, micro and nano (ID, 2D and 3D) used in natural rubber industries. The applications and the life cycle analysis of these rubber based materials are also highlighted. 

Volume 1 of this book is comprised of 25 chapters, and discusses the different types of natural rubber based blends and IPNs. The first seven chapters discuss the general aspects of natural rubber blends like their miscibility, manufacturing methods, production and morphology development. The next ten chapters describe exclusively the properties of natural rubber blends with different polymers like thermoplastic, acrylic plastic, block or graft copolymers, etc. Chapter 18 deals entirely with clay reinforcement in natural rubber blends. Chapters 19 to 23 explain the major techniques used for characterizing various natural rubber based blends. The final two chapters give a brief explanation of life cycle analysis and the application of natural rubber based blends and IPNs. 

The blending of natural rubber with thermoplastics, and other rubbers have been reported in the literature. Thus, blends of NR with (i) ultra-low density polyethylene, (ii) styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), (iii) epoxidized natural rubber, (iv) acrylonitrile butadiene rubber," (v) chloroprene rubber" and (vi) dichlorocarbene modified styrene-butadiene rubber (DCSBR)" have been prepared, characterized and reported in the literature. 

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