Sponges, composite

Tubular (membrane, sponge) Composite CoUagen/synthetic polymer CoUagen/biological polymer CoUagen/ceramic... 

E. Trovatti, T.S.O. Capote, R.M. Scarel-Caminaga, AJ.F. Carvalho, A. Gandini, Development and characterization of natural rubber and bacterial cellulose-sponge composites. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, ISSN 2278-4357 4 (7) (2015) 220-235. 

Biodegradable film (148), foam-molding compositions, eg, sponges (149), tobacco substitutes (150), and microencapsulated dmg-deHvery systems (151) are potentially new and usefiil appHcations for ceUulose acetate esters. 

The complex of the following destmctive and nondestmctive analytical methods was used for studying the composition of sponges inductively coupled plasma mass-spectrometry (ICP-MS), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), and atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Techniques of sample preparation were developed for each method and their metrological characteristics were defined. Relative standard deviations for all the elements did not exceed 0.25 within detection limit. The accuracy of techniques elaborated was checked with the method of additions and control methods of analysis. 

It has been suggested [6] that these unusual sterols, especially in those cases where these unusual sterols comprise the entire sterol content of the organisms, likely replace conventional sterols as cell-membrane components. Evidence for this comes from subcellular fractionation and subsequent analysis of two marine sponges [10]. The sterol composition of the membrane isolates was found to be identical to that of the intact sponge. Most common variation of the marine sterol is in the side-chain, situated deep in the lipophylic environment of the phospholipid bilayer. This suggests that unusual fatty acids might accompany the sterols, and indeed this is often the case [8]. 

De La Rocha C (2003) Sihcon isotope fractionation by marine sponges and the reconstruction of the silicon isotope composition of ancient deep water. Geology 31 423 26 De La Rocha CL, De Paolo DJ (2000) Isotopic evidence for variations in the marine calcium cycle over the Cenozoic. Science 289 1176-1178... 

The morphology of a typical inorganic monolith is fundamentally different from that of organic polymers (Figure 1.4a). The sttucture is rather sponge- than brush-like and is consttucted by interconnected silica rods in the low micrometer size. This composition leads to a discrete distribution of flow channels, which can be deduced by comparison of macropore disttibution of a typical organic... 

In summary, as far as it can be presently understood, there is little peculiarity as to the secondary metabolites of deep-water marine organisms, except, perhaps, the free porphyrins of medusae and sponges an adaptive role of sensors in the absence of light may be suggested for them. The secondary metabolism - mostly unexceptional in the global perspective of marine organisms - seems to be more related to the range of the species - a composite of many factors - than to any effect clearly attributable to the hydrostatic pressure. 

Cobalt in Nutrition. Johan Georg Forchhammer found in his great research on the composition of sea water that marine organisms concentrate the substances necessary for their existence and thus provide the chemist with a delicate indirect means of detecting certain elements which occur in sea water in very minute amounts. He discovered cobalt, for example, in the ashes of Zostera marina and in the fossil sponges of the chalk (123). 

Two matrix flow submodels have been proposed the sequential compaction model [15] and the squeezed sponge model [11], Both flow models are based on Darcy s Law, which describes flow through porous media. Each composite layer is idealized as a fiber sheet surrounded by thermoset resin (Fig. 13.9). By treating the fiber sheet as a porous medium, the matrix velocity iir relative to the fiber sheet is given as (Eq. 13.5) ... 

C-155 and S-155 materials showed a sponge like structure as the microphotograph of figure 4-B, but when S-155 was submitted to methylene blue adsorption test it did not show adsorption properties C-155 material instead showed a high adsorption activity. The last observation demonstrates that carbon structure is the responsible of the adsorptive behaviour and that the silica structure in this case acts only as an inert skeleton, but at the same time, silica was the responsible of the expanded carbon network developed during the synthesis of the composite. 

Very simple sulfones have also been isolated from marine organisms. The isolation of sulfolane (290) from the sponge/tunicate composite Batzella spJLissoclinum sp. was the first report, either terrestrial or marine, of this compound as a natural product [213]. The pyrogallol Phenol B (291), obtained from the red alga Grateloupia filicina, was... 

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