Perchlorate compound

HCIO4, one of the strongest of the mineral acids. The perchlorates are more stable than the other chlorine oxyanions, ie, chlorates, CIO chlorites, CIO or hypochlorites, OCf (3) (see Chlorine oxygen acids and salts). Essentially, all of the commercial perchlorate compounds are prepared either direcdy or indirectly by electrochemical oxidation of chlorine compounds (4—8) (see Alkali and chlorine products Electrochemical processing). 

Group 13 (IIIA) Perchlorates. Perchlorate compounds of boron and aluminum are known. Boron perchlorates occur as double salts with alkah metal perchlorates, eg, cesium boron tetraperchlorate [33152-95-3] Cs(B(C104)4) (51). Aluminum perchlorate [14452-95-3] A1(C104)2, forms a series of hydrates having 3, 6, 9, or 15 moles of water per mole of compound. The anhydrous salt is prepared from the trihydrate by drying under reduced pressure at 145—155°C over P2O5 (32). 

Group 6 (VIB) Perchlorates. Both divalent and trivalent chromium perchlorate compounds [13931 -95-8 13527-21 -9] have been reported. Anhydrous chromyl perchlorate [60499-74-3] has been prepared ia the cold ... 

Other Transition Element Perchlorates. Both divalent and trivalent manganese perchlorate compounds [13770-16-6 13498-03-8] are known. Perchlorates of Fe, Co, Ni, Rh, and Pd have been produced as colored crystals (70—72). 

A similar stereospecific conjugate addition to epoxysulfone 323 was also observed416. When this reaction of 323 was carried out with methyllithium at — 78 °C dichloromethane-diethyl ether (1 1) in the presence of lithium perchlorate, compounds 324 and 325 were obtained in a ratio of 95 5. On the other hand, in the treatment of 323... 

Ader M, Coleman ML, Doyle SP, Stroud M, Wakelin D (2001) Methods for the stable isotopic analysis of chlorine in chlorate and perchlorate compounds. Anal Chem 73(20) 4946-4950 Ben Othman D, White WM, Patchett J (1989) The geochemistry of marine sediments, island arc magma genesis, and crust-mantle recycling. Earth Planet Sci Lett 94 1-21 Beneteau KM, Aravena R, Frape SK (1999) Isotopic characterization of chlorinated solvents-laboratory and field results. Organic Geochemistry 30(8A) 739-753... 

Group 73 (IIIA) Perchlorates. Perchlorate compounds of boron and aluminum are known. Boron perchlorates occur as double salts with alkali metal perchlorates. Aluminum perchlorate, (CAS 14452-95-3J. Ai(C104)3. forms a series of hydrates. 

Group 16 (VIA) Perchlorates. A perchlorate compound perchloryl sulfate, [CAS 43059-05-8], SO GO was produced by the low temperature electrolysis of a I2-WH2SO4 and 3-.VHQ04 solution. This compound is a strong oxidizer reaction with toluene, acetone, benzene, or alcohol at room temperature produces an exothermic and explosive reaction. The S04(C104)2 is soluble in Freon and CC14 without reaction. 

B.E, Douda, Glycine-Strontium Perchlorate Compounds Synthesis, Characterization and Discussion , NAVAMMODEP RDTN 26, Crane (1963) [The author reports preliminary efforts to synthesize a pyrot compd of glycine and Sr perchlorate which would bum with a colored flame and contain its own oxygen and fuel supply] 2) Ibid, Unique Chemical Compound Synthesis and Characterization , NAVAMMODEP RDTN 52, Crane (1963) [The author reports the successful continuation of the effort previously initiated to synthesize a new pyrot compd ... 

Figure 1 The absorption spectra of (4-(4-dimethylaminophenyl)-2,6-diphenyl-thia-pyrylium perchlorate) in dichoromethane, a homogeneous film of the perchlorate compound in bisphenol-A polycarbonate, and the aggregated dye produced by exposing the homogeneous film to dichloromethane vapors.

What types of perchlorate compounds are the most dangerous ... 

Aerial oxidation of the [RuH(CO)2(PPh3)2(CN-p-Tol)]" cation gives the carbonate complex [Ru(C03)(CO)(PPhj)2(CN-p-Tol)] " and a rare example of an O-bound perchlorate compound is [RuCl(0C103)(CNR)(CS)(PPh3)2] obtained by reaction of [RuCl2(CNR)(CS)(PPh3)2] with Ag[C104]. ... 

The first military use of perchlorates as an explosive was as a filler for a German shell in World War I, when conventional explosives ran short, as a filler for gas grenades because it had a predictable rate of burn, and as pyrotechnics for communication before the age of field radios and rockets. (A paragraph in the Treaty of Versailles banned Germany from possessing rockets.) Since World War I, the military has used thousands of tons of perchlorate compounds. 

The following perchlorate compounds have been used by the military ... 

Most of the studies on perchlorate compounds are related to their characteristics as energetic compounds, and their applications related to explosives, propellants, etc. are covered in Volume 2 of this Handbook. 

Tuller, H. L., Mixed ionic-electronic conduction in a number of fluorite and perchlorate compounds. Solid State Ionics, 52, 135-146 (1992). 

A dramatic example of the explosive danger of perchlorate compounds was seen in May 1988 when one of the factories that produced NH4CIO4 for the space shuttle boosters was completely destroyed by an explosion. Such unpredictable explosions are common with perchlorate salts, especially those of the heavier metals. 

The War Department used many of these perchlorate compounds in W.W.I., contrary to the claim of the U.S. Army Center for Ordnance Expertise that perchlorate was first used in W.W.n. The Germans also had a 17 cm shell which used ammonium perchlorate as the explosive filler. In W.W.I., the United States used perchlorate compounds for signaling rockets and flares, and as a burster charge in gas grenades. Perchlorate is and has been used in over 250 munitions often in powder train time fuses and propellants in rockets and in other time fuse applications. Since perchlorate is so water soluble, it is a secondary contaminant in water dumped or buried munitions. Perchlorate has an exothermic reaction (heats up) as it ages, capable of spontaneous combustion. 

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