Characterization of Bio-oil

The heating value of bio-oil gives information related to the energy content of bio-oil, which has the potential of being upgraded to transportation fuels. The HHV of bio-oil can be estimated using the following formula with the unit of MJ/kg (Parikh et al., 2005)  

The result shows that the estimated HHV for the bio-oil produced is slightly lower compared to the estimated HHV of raw rice husk. The HHV rose with increase in the heating rates. The highest HHV of 13.69 MJ/kg is obtained at slow pyrolysis condition of heating rate at 20°C/min. 

As shown in Table 13.4, the pH value and density of bio-oil in this work are comparable with other literatures. In addition, the bio-oil produced has moderate value of viscosity which favored the range of bio-oil application. Based on the ultimate analysis, the oxygen content measured in this work is almost the same in other findings which resulted in proportionate HHV. Hence, the slow pyrolysis bio-oil produced from this work has a high potential to substitute conventional fossil fuel produced from fast pyrolysis process. 

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Obviously a viscosity index recommended for characterization of bio-oil stability [2], using a viscometer type available in a participating laboratory , cannot be correctly applied due to tendency of bio-oils, non-Newtonian liquids, to phase separation into thin oil, thick tar and solid admixtures [1]. However, the ESR method allows to reveal considerable difference between the properties of the samples prior and after ageing It was shown (Table 3) that the concentrations of paramagnetic centers m samples taken after ageing from the top and the bottom of oil storage vessel differed significantly, e.g. m the cases of oils from IWC and Aston installations, by 10 and 800 times, respectively. 

Yin, S., Dloan, R., Harrison, M., Tan, Z. Subcritical hydrothermal liquefaction of cattle manure to bio-oil effects of conversion parameters on bio-oil yield and characterization of bio-oil. Bioresource Technol 2010,101, 3657-3664. 

Antonakou, E.V., Dimitropoulos, V.S., Lappas, A.A., 2006b. Production and characterization of bio-oil from catalytic biomass pyrolysis. Thermal Science 10 (3), 151—160. 

Garcia-Perez, M., et al., 2007. Characterization of bio-oils in chemical families. Biomass and Bioenergy 31 (4), 222—242. 

Hybrid catalysts consisting of a zeolite (ZSM-5 or Beta) and bentonite as a binder were prepared and characterized by XRD, pyridine FTIR and nitrogen adsorption. The hybrid catalysts exhibited similar properties as the combined starting materials. Catalytic pyrolysis over pure ZSM-5 and Beta as well as hybrid catalysts has been successfully carried out in a dual-fluidized bed reactor. De-oxygenation of the produced bio-oil over the different zeolitic materials was increased compared to non-catalytic pyrolysis over quartz sand. 

The produced bio oil was analyzed by GC-MS and Karl Fischer titration. The surface area of the spent catalyst was also measured. Regeneration of the spent catalyst was performed at 450°C for 2h in a muffle oven in the presence of air. The regenerated catalysts were characterized in a similar fashion as the fresh ones. 

Analysis of the detected parameters reveals that ESR spectra of the bio-oils are characterized by paramagnetic centers, whose unpaired electron is delocalized in the n-... 

A Deutz gas turbine has been retrofitted to allow for the feeding and combustion of bio-fiiel oil in the turbine. This 80 kW(el) gas turbine is characterized by a nominal rotational speed of 50000 rpm and a pressure ratio of 2,5. A number of test runs have been executed with the turbine rig and a steady operation could be sustained for hours. A summary of die emission measurements of the gas turbine is presented in Tabic V. 

A significant amount of work has demonstrated the feasibility and the interest of reversed micelles for the separation of proteins and for the enhancement or inhibition of specific reactions. The number of micellar systems presently available and studied in the presence of proteins is still limited. An effort should be made to increase the number of surfactants used as well as the set of proteins assayed and to characterize the molecular mechanism of solubilization and the microstructure of the laden organic phases in various systems, since they determine the efficiency and selectivity of the separation and are essential to understand the phenomena of bio-activity loss or preservation. As the features of extraction depend on many parameters, particular attention should be paid to controlling all of them in each phase. Simplified thermodynamic models begin to be developed for the representation of partition of simple ions and proteins between aqueous and micellar phases. Relevant experiments and more complete data sets on distribution of salts, cosurfactants, should promote further developments in modelling in relation with current investigations on electrolytes, polymers and proteins. This work could be connected with distribution studies achieved in related areas as microemulsions for oil recovery or supercritical extraction (74). In addition, the contribution of physico-chemical experiments should be taken into account to evaluate the size and structure of the micelles. 

Mahendran, A.R., Aust, N., Wuzefla, G. and Kandelbauer, A. (2012) Synthesis and characterization of a bio-based resin from Unseed oil. Macromolecular Symposia, 311, 18-27. 

A.M.M.S. Medeiros, F. Machado, J.C. Rubim, Synthesis and characterization of a magnetic bio-nanocomposite based on magnetic nanoparticles modified by acrylated fatty acids derived from castor oil, European Polymer Journal 71 (2015) 152—163. 

The bio-oils and biofuels are very complex mixtures with compounds that are new in terms of being fuel constituents. As a consequence, the characterization becomes extremely challenging and may require new analytical techniques. The challenges are not only limited to the identification and quantification of the desired fuel constituents, but also undesired compounds, impurities, and residuals from, for example, unconverted biomass. The chapter will cover the characterization of feedstocks, bio-oils, and biofuels, and the identification and quantification of biofuel blended in regular fuels, impurities in bio-fuels, and contamination of FAME in jet fuel. 

Ihere are only a few recent studies on the fabrication and characterization of stand-alone bio-polymer nanocomposite films or coatings displaying Hquid repellent properties. Obeso et al. [23] developed a superhydrophobic surface by precipitation of poly(hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) on the surface of cellulose fibers of papers using a phase separation process. The same authors used a similar approach to synthesize biodegradable superhydrophobic poly (L-lactic acid) substrates in order to control cell adhesion. Superhydrophobic/superoleophilic porous poly (L-lactic acid) films were also prepared by Xue et al. for water-oil separation applications [24]. Yohe et al. [25] prepared 3D superhydrophobic materials from biocompatible... 

Ozcimen, D., Ersoy-Mericboyu, A. Characterization of biochar and bio-oil samples obtained from carbonization of various biomass materials. Renew Energ 2010, 35,1319-1324. 

Cakmakli, B., Hazer, B., Tekin, I.O., Coemert, F.B., 2005. Synthesis and characterization of polymeric soybean oil-g-methyl methacrylate (and n-butyl methacrylate) graft copolymers bio-compatibiUty and bacterial adhesion. Biomacromolecules 6,1750-1758. 

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