Cetyl alcohols, reaction with

The method described is essentially that of Smith.1 Several other workers have used a similar method.2 Cetyl iodide has also been prepared by heating cetyl alcohol with yellow phosphorus and iodine in carbon disulfide solution,3 and by repeatedly passing dry hydrogen iodide acid into the molten alcohol and permitting the reaction mass to stand between additions.4... 

Cetyl alcohol has been associated with allergic delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions in patients with stasis dermatitis. Cross-sensitization with cetostearyl alcohol, lanolin, and stearyl alcohol has also been reported. It has been suggested that hypersensitivity may be caused by impurities in commercial grades of cetyl alcohol since highly refined cetyl alcohol (99.5%) has not been associated with hypersensitivity reac-... 

Although most phosphorus chlorides and bromides are commercially available, it is sometimes necessary to prepare fresh reagents. In the case of phosphorus iodides, the reagents have poor shelf-lives (they are unstable and decompose under mild conditions) and are commonly prepared in situ, or immediately prior to use by reaction of red phosphorus with iodine. Phosphorus bromides can also be prepared this way. Reaction of 1,2,3-propanetriol with red phosphorus and bromine, for example, gave l,3-dibromo-2-propanol. 3 iodides are similarly prepared from red phosphorus and iodine, as in the conversion of cetyl alcohol (155) to cetyl iodide (156) in 85% yield. Using P and I2 is a common method for the conversion of aliphatic alcohols to aliphatic iodides. Another popular method is illustrated by treatment of 157 with triphenylphosphine, iodine, and imidazole,. In this case, taken from Hiemstra s synthesis of roseophilin, 67 the primary alcohol unit was converted to iodide 158 in 96% yield. 

The reaction of behenic acid with fatty alcohols (decanol, lauryl alcohol, myristyl alcohol and cetyl alcohol) was studied by Tiwari, et al. (Tiwari Sawant, 2005) using TBT as... 

The kinetic data show that there is a reasonably good agreement between experimental points and the ones calculated by Equation (22). The values of activation energy obtained for the uncatalyzed (A uc) and catalyzed (AEJ reaction of behenic add with decanol, lauryl alcohol, myristyl alcohol and cetyl alcohol are shown in Table 2.The model Equation (22) is also appropriate for the reaction of erudc acid with cetyl alcohol and oleyl alcohol using TBT as a catalyst (Tiwari Sawant, 2005). 

The products are prepared by the alkoxylation of cetyl alcohol or stearyl alcohol using ethylene oxide or propylene oxide. In the second step, the intermediate is reacted with acryhc acid, meth-acrylic acid or a mixture from these acids. When the esterification is completed, the unreacted acid is distUled off from the product under high vacuum. An additional purification of the ester is not necessary (28). The reaction is shown in Figure 5.4. 

A typical styrene miniemulsion polymerization process using cetyl alcohol or hexadecane as the costabilizer does not show a constant reaction rate period and it can be divided into four major regions based on the polymerization rate versus monomer conversion curve [11, 47], as shown schematically in Figure 5.4b. For comparison, the polymerization rate versus conversion profiles for conventional emulsion polymerization (Figure 5.4a) and microemulsion polymerization (Figure 5.4c) are also included in this figure. First, the rate of miniemulsion polymerization increases rapidly to a primary maximum and then decreases with increasing monomer conversion. This is followed by the increase of polymerization rate to a secondary maximum. After the secondary maximum is achieved, the rate of polymerization then decreases rapidly toward the end of polymerization [47]. 

The reaction of olefin sulfation and its possibilities has been extensively studied [3-10] and it was used to produce alcohol sulfates. Dry distillation of spermaceti gives palmitic acid and cetene-1, which can be sulfated with sulfuric acid to give cetyl-2 sulfate [11]. Other surfactants were obtained from olefins produced from natural substances, such as alcohol sulfates by sulfation of olefins from decarboxylation of oleic acid [12], by sulfation of olefins made by dehydrating hydroabietyl alcohol, by direct sulfation of abietyl alcohol [13,14], or by sulfation of natural terpenes [15]. 

Esters, prepared by reaction of the reagent with a primary or secondary alcohol in benzene containing pyridine, are highly colored ( 297-320 ca. 30,000), crystalline, and high melting methyl ester, 187°, ethyl ester 163°, cetyl ester, 11° cyclohexyl ester, 165° crotyl ester, 136°. A study of model esters showed that mixtures are easily separated by countercurrent distribution and chromatography."... 

Single-chain quaternary anunonium surfactants are prepared from the reaction of fatty alcohols or fatty acids with a secondary amine. The resulting tertiary amine then reacts with methyl chloride to provide quaternary anunonium chlorides. The most important is cetyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (CTAC), which has excellent substantivity and conditioning properties. 

At the end of the transformation, acetic anhydride in excess is hydrolyzed in acetic acid, which is directly titrated in the reaction medium with a sodium hydroxide solution in the presence of phenolphthalein. The same operations are realized with a blank in which there is no hydroxylated derivative, all the other experimental conditions being the same as in the assay. The difference between both volumes added gives the number of moles of acetic acid used for the esterification. The in pyridine acetylation index is of great interest in the analysis of essential vegetable oils, fats, and numerous pharmaceutical compounds, including, for instance, the determinations of cetylic and benzylic alcohols. The propionyl index is based on the same principle, but all of the operations are performed in a nonaqueous medium. 

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