Cerebrospinal fluid electrophoresis

C6. Christenson, R. H., Russell, M. E., and Hassett, B. J., Cerebrospinal fluid Electrophoresis and methods for determining immunoglobulin G compared. Clin. Biochem. 11,429-432 (1989). 

Oligoclonal bands Two to five bands of immunoglobulins on protein electrophoresis of cerebrospinal fluid. 

Unlu M et al. Detection of complement factor B in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy disease using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Neurosci Lett 2000 282 149-152. 

Bergquist J, Gilman SD, Ewing AG, Ekman R. 1994. Analysis of human cerebrospinal fluid by capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection. Anal Chem 66 (20) 3512-3518. 

F7. Forrest, A., A simple method of concentrating small samples of cerebrospinal fluid for electrophoresis. J. Clin. Pathol. 34,686-688 (1981). 

Gl. Gauthier, F., Chasse, J. F., and Motrray, H., A simple characterization of oligoclonal im-munoglobuhns in unconcentrated cerebrospinal fluid using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Clin. Chim. Acta 127,407- 11 (1983). 

PI. Pirttila, T., Frey, H., Mattila, K., and Siden, L., Immobilized pH gradient isoelectric focusing of cerebrospinal fluid proteins. Electrophoresis 9, 582-588 (1988). 

Staugaitis, S. M., Shapshak, R, Tourtellotte, W. W., etal. Isoelectric focusing of unconcentrated cerebrospinal fluid Applications to ultrasensitive analysis of oligoclonal immunoglobulin G. Electrophoresis 6, 287-291 (1985). 

W5. Windisch, R. M., and Bracken, M. M., Cerebrospinal fluid proteins Concentration by membrane ultrafiltration and fractionation by electrophoresis on cellulose acetate. Clin. Cherru 16,416-419 (1970). 

Choe LH, Dutt MJ, Relkin N, Lee KH. Studies of potential cerebrospinal fluid molecular markers for Alzheimer s disease. Electrophoresis 2002 23(14) 2247-2251. 

Many biological fluids (e.g., serum and plasma) contain sufficient protein without excessive salt concentration to be applied at once to the paper. Some other fluids, such as urine, may need preliminary dialysis because they contain too much salt, and they often need concentration also. Still other fluids, such as cerebrospinal fluid, always need concentration before electrophoresis. 

Davidsson, P., Westman, A., Puchades, M., Nilsson, C.L., and Blennow, K. (1999). Characterization of proteins from human cerebrospinal fluid by a combination of preparative two-dimensional liquid-phase electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ioniza-tion time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 71, 642-647. 

Most proteomics analyses involve 2-D electrophoresis and MALDl-TOF MS steps, as this approach allows for a reliable quantification of changes in protein levels. In one study, the LC-MS/MS approach was used for the detection of proteins enriched in amyloid plaques in the AD brain (liao et al., 2004). Employing the former proteomic approach, levels of about 100 proteins were foimd to be changed in the AD brain and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in comparison with the control brain and CSF, respectively (Table 15.1). These proteins have various functions, mainly involved in neurotransmission, guidance, signal transduction, metabolism, detoxification, and conformational changes. The CSF proteins are plasma proteins. 

Wittke S, Mischak H, Walden M, Kolch W, Radler T, Wiedemann K (2005) Discovery of biomarkers in human urine and cerebrospinal fluid by capillary electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry Towards new diagnosdc and dierapeudc approaches. Electrophoresis 26 147 1487. 

Fortini AS, Sanders EL, Weinshenker BG, Katzmann JA (2003) Cerebrospinal fluid oligoclonal bands in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Isoelectric focusing with IgG immunoblotting compared with high-resolution agarose gel electrophoresis and cerebrospinal fluid IgG index. Am J Clin Pathol 120 672-675. 

Maccarrone G, Milfay D, Birg I, Rosenhagen M, Holsboer F Grimm R, Bailey J, Zolotarjova N, Turck CW (2004) Mining the human cerebrospinal fluid proteome by immunodepletion and shotgun mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 25 2402-2412. 

Even though free-solution CE is most commonly used for neuropeptides and neuroproteins, other forms of CE have also been employed. For instance, as an alternative to conventional slab-gel electrophoresis, a method using sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) capillary gel electrophoresis was developed. It was applied to low-molecular-mass proteins (j8-trace protein, ft-microglobulin, -trace protein, and myelin basic protein) in cerebrospinal fluid [4], Advantageous features of capillary gel electrophoresis over slab-gel electrophoresis are compatibihty with small sample volumes, shorter analysis times, and more accurate quantihcation of the analytes. 

Christenson RH, RusseU ME, Gubar KT, Silverman LM, Ebers GD. Oligoclonal banding in cerebrospinal fluid assessed by electrophoresis on agarose after centrifugal sample concentration through a microconcentrator membrane. Clin Chem 1985 31 1734-6. 

After 10 days of antibiotic treatment, the patient was afebrile and cerebrospinal fluid was sterile, with normal protein and glucose levels. Drug treatment was discontinued, but after 2 days. she developed vomiting and fever to 40.5 °C. Cerebrospinal fluid culture was sterile, but counterimmuno-electrophoresis (CIE) was po.sitivefor H influenzae type b polyribosylribitol phosphate antigen. 

Hesse, C., C. L. Nilsson, K. Blennow, and P. Davidsson. 2001, Identification of the apolipoprotein E4 isoform in cerebrospinal fluid with preparative two-dimensional electrophoresis and matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 22 1834-1837. 

Wait, R., Gianazza, E., Eberini, I., Sironi, L., Dunn, M.J., Gemeiner, M., and Miller, I., 2001, Proteins of rat serum, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid VI. Further protein identifications and interstrain comparison. Electrophoresis 22 3043-3052. 

Yang, Y. H., Wu, W. Y, Yeh, H. H., and Chen, S. H. Simultaneous determination of cefepime and vancomycin in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid by MEKC with direct sample injection and application for bacterial meningitis. Electrophoresis, 28, 1788, 2007. 

Wetterhall, M., Palmblad, M., Hakansson, R, Markides, K. E., and Bergquist, J., Rapid analysis of tryptically digested cerebrospinal fluid using capillary electrophoresis-electrospray ionization-Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance-mass spectrometry. J. Proteome Res., 1, 361-366, 2002. 

Hiroaka, A. et al.. Charge microheterogeneity of the fi-trace proteins (lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase) in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with neurological disorders analyzed by capillary isoelectric focusing. Electrophoresis, 22, 3433, 2001. 

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