Central nervous system infection production

Mizuno T, Kawanokuchi J, Numata K, Suzumura A (2003) Production and neuroprotective functions of fractalkine in the central nervous system. Brain Res 979(l-2) 65-70 Monteiro de Almeida S, Letendre S, Zimmerman J, Kolakowski S, Lazzaretto D, McCutchan JA, Ellis R (2006) Relationship of CSF leukocytosis to compartmentalized changes in MCP-1/ CCL2 in the CSF of HIV-infected patients undergoing interruption of antiretroviral therapy. J Neuroimmunol 179(1-2) 180-185... 

Cardiovascular system Central nervous system Anti-infective products Sidocrine system... 

Castells X, Casas M, Vildal X, Bosch R, Roncero C, Ramos-Quiroga JA Capella D (2007) Efficacy of central nervous system stimulant treatment for cocaine dependence a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. Addiction, 102, 1871-87 Chaisson RE, Bacchetti P, Osmond D, Brodie B, Sande MA Moss AR (1989). Cocaine use and HIV infection in intravenous drug users in San Francisco. Journal of the American Medical Association, 261, 561-5 Chapleo CB Walter DS (1997). The bupre-norphine-naloxone combination product. Research and Clinical Forums, 19, 55-8 Cheskin LJ, Fudala PJ Johnson RE (1994). A controlled comparison of buprenorphine and clonidine for acute detoxification from opioids. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 36, 115-21... 

Bacterial infections elicit a series of acute-phase responses which include central nervous system effects such as changes in body temperature and increased slow-wave sleep. Dead bacteria [54] and murein preparations [55] as well as other bacterial cell-wall products induce similar responses. Intravenous injections of rabbits with suspensions of pseudomurein from Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum also alter sleep and brain temperature. The mechanisms responsible for these somnogenic and pyrogenic effects are unknown [56]. It has been demonstrated that in a rat arthritis model, intra-articular injection of high doses of pseudomurein-polysaccharide fragments from Methanobacterium formicicum caused an acute inflammation [57]. 

Studies that have investigated inhalation of mold and mold products found that inhalation produces more potent effects than ingestion. These effects are as potent as intravenous administration. Mycotoxins upon inhalation may produce immunosuppression, carcinogenesis, cytotoxicity, neurotoxicity (including acute or chronic central nervous system damage), mucous membrane irritation, skin rash, nausea, acute or chronic liver damage, and endocrine effects. These effects may be independent of infection or stimulation of antibodies (in contrast to the Mycobacterium mycotoxins). 

F28. Frei, K., Leist, T. P., Meager, A., Gallo, P., Leppert, D., Zinkemagel, R. M., and Fontana, A, Production of B cell stimulatory factor-2 and interferon gamma in the central nervous system during viral meningitis and encephalitis. Evaluation in a murine model infection and in patients. J. Exp. Med. 168, 449-453 (1988). 

The influence of natural products in the discovery of new marketed therapeutics continues to be significant in various therapeutic areas. Burger s Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Discovery reviews natural products as leads for new pharmaceutical products for the central nervous system, neuromuscular disease, cancer, bacterial infections, cardiovascular disease, asthma, and parasites. Dmgs such as morphine, penicillin, cyclosporine A, lovastatin, acarbose, FK506 (tacrolimus), and pachtaxel (Taxol )... 

In the last few years, it has been demonstrated that in the early phases of infection HIV preferentially targets CCR5 CD4 memory T lymphocytes in the gastrointestinal tract. This results in a rapid, massive, and possibly permanent destruction of CD4 cells, rupture of the intestinal mucosa, and penetration of microbial translocation products in the systemic circulation [79]. At the same time, all body compartments, including the central nervous system, become infected. 

Arsenicals in comtemporary medical practice. The clinical use of organic arsenicals is now confined to the treatment of advanced cases of sleeping sickness (trypanosomiasis) where the brain has become infected. Try-parasamide (6.6) is used because it can penetrate into the central nervous system, presumably as an analogue of phosphoric acid. For cases that resist this drug, melarsoprol 12,4) has been found useful. It is the condensation product of an arsenoxide with 1,2-dimercaptoethane, and is split into its components after passing the blood-brain barrier (Friedheim, 1951). 

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