Cement pipe

Asbe.sto.s cement. The normally accepted temperature limits for asbestos cement piping are —18°C (0°F) minimum and 93°C (200°F) maximum. 

Asbestos Cement Asbestos-cement pipe is seamless pipe made of sihca and portland cement, compacted under heavy pressure, uniformly reinforced with asbestos fiber, and thoroughly cured. The interior surface is smooth, does not corrode, and does not tuberculate. Under normal conditions of operation, asbestos cement will handle... 

Mixed metal hydroxide drilling muds have been successfully used in horizontal wells in tunneling under rivers, roads, and bays for drilling in fluids for drilling large-diameter holes with coiled tubing and to ream out cemented pipe. 

The composition is useful as an additive for clearing stuck pipe in wellbores and as a fixer spacer for cementing pipe in wellbores. Another use of the composition is as a well stimulation fluid in oil and gas production wells, in which the composition is effective to dissolve filter-cake that blocks pores in the production formation. 

The attitude of alternative agriculture movements to irrigation ranges from outright refusal not to alter natural conditions , to prohibition of using plastic pipes, maybe in the belief that metal or asbestos-cement pipes are less polluting, to reject of re-using treated domestic wastewaters, to acceptance, in a more realistic mood. 

Because of the international sources of asbestos minerals, the variety of manufacture and use of asbestos and asbestos products, notably as insulation and in cement pipe, coupled with the publicity given to their potential health effects, there is probably not a single country in the world that has not become attuned, in the last ten years, to the hazards of asbestos exposure. The epidemiological data collected on disease related to asbestos exposure, es-... 

In Germany, the ion-exchanged -> Permitted Explosives are also gap tested in a coal-cement pipe these are cylinders made of a bonded mixture of cement with coal dust in the ratios of 1 2 and 1 20 and provided with an axial bore. 

Asbestos can arise from natural sources and from asbestos cement pipe. Exposure to asbestos fibres through drinking-water is not considered to cause health effects in humans also, the analysis is difficult and expensive. 

No MRLs were derived for oral exposure to asbestos for any duration. No studies were located regarding noncancer health effects in humans orally exposed to asbestos fibers, although asbestos cement pipes have been used in some community water systems for many years. Because ingested asbestos fibers are poorly... 

Asbestos is released to water from a number of sources, including erosion of natural deposits and waste piles, corrosion from asbestos-cement pipes, and disintegration of asbestos roofing materials with subsequent transport via rainwater into cisterns, sewers, etc. (Millette et al. 1980). Waste water from asbestos-related industries may also carry significant burdens of asbestos fibers (EPA 1976). The total amount of asbestos released to water has been estimated to be 110,000-220,000 pounds (50-100 metric tons) per year (NRC 1984). 

Some people may also be exposed to elevated levels of asbestos in drinking water, particularly where there are widespread natural deposits of asbestos (e.g., San Francisco Bay area), disposal of asbestos-containing ore tailings (e.g., Duluth, Minnesota), or the use of asbestos-containing cement pipes in drinking water distribution systems with low pH and low hardness (Craun et al. 1977 Kanarek et al. 1981 Webber et al. 1989). 

Hallenbeck WH, Chen EH, Hesse CS. 1978. Is chrysotile asbestos released from asbestos-cement pipe into drinking water J AWWA (February) 97-102. 

Harrington JM, Craim GF, Meigs JW, et al. 1978. An investigation of the use of asbestos cement pipe for public water supply and the incidence of gastrointestinal cancer in Connecticut, 1935-1973. Am J Epidemiol 107 96-103. 

Kanarek MS, Conforti PM, Jackson LA, et al. 1981. Chrysotile asbestos fibers in drinking water from asbestos-cement pipe. Environ Sci Technol 15 923-925. 

Millette JR, Craun GF, Stober JA, et al. 1983b. Epidemiology study of the use of asbestos-cement pipe for the distribution of drinking water in Escambia County, Florida. Environ Health Perspect 53 91-98. 

NeubergerM, Frank W, Golob P, etal. 1996. [Asbestos concentrations in drinking water Asbestos cement pipes and geogen sources in Austria.] Zentralbl Hyg Umeweltmed 198 293-306. (German). 

EXPOSURE ROUTES Inhalation (contaminated air, asbestos related industries, erosion of asbestos bearing rocks, insulation, disintegration of asbestos roofing materials) ingestion (contaminated water, corrosion of asbestos cement pipes). 

SPILL CLEAN-UP the concentration of asbestos fibers in drinking water can be removed by granular media filtration asbestos cement pipes can be coated with a chemical precipitate to avoid the release of fibers Ifom dissolution and leaching effects. 

Wakeham SG, Davis AC, Witt RT, et al. 1980. Tetrachloroethylene contamination of drinking water by vinyl-coated asbestos-cement pipe. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 25 639-645. 

Yuskus LR. 1984. Reducing tetrachloroethylene in vinyl-lined asbestos-cement pipes through cement-motor linings. Journal of ihe American Water Works Association, 76-81. 

Case Study The switch over from metal or asbestos cement pipes to lighter plastic pipes in the building industry is estimated to deliver substantial savings in energy (estimated at 330 trillion Btu in the United States). The energy needed to fabricate a vinyl sewer pipe is about a third of that needed to make the same out of cast iron [32],... 

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