Carbonation asbestos cement 364 glass

As it is commonly known and applied for a long time, the properties of paste can be improved by reinforcement with the fibres. For example, the production of asbestos-cement materials started 80 years ago. The fiber reinforcement technology has been developed extensively for the last 20 years and the other fibres has been taken into account, first of all the steel fibres, but also the carbon, glass, resin, polypropylene and cellulose fibres as well. The fibres reinforcement gives the pos-sibihty to enhance the flexural and tension strength, as well as the impact resistance. The fibre composite modifies the properties of concrete by control cracking and the mode of failure by means of post—cracking ductility. 

Asbestos fibers are found worldwide in many products as reinforcement in cement water pipes and the inert and durable mesh material used in filtration processes of chemicals and petroleum, for example. However, asbestos is not the only inorganic fiber in use today. Synthetic inorganic fibers abound. Glass fibers have replaced copper wire in some intercontinental telephone cables. Fiberglas (a trade name) has become the insulation material of choice in construction. Carbon and graphite fiber composites are favored materials for tennis racket frames and golf clubs. Fibrous inorganic materials have become commonplace in our everyday lives. 

Composites may be identified and classified many hundreds of ways. There are aggregate-cement matrix (concrete), aluminum film-plastic matrix, asbestos fiber-concrete matrix, carbon-carbon matrix, carbon fiber-carbon matrix, cellulose fiber-lignin/silicic matrix, ceramic fiber-matrix ceramic (CMC), ceramic fiber-metal matrix, ceramic-metal matrix (cermet), concrete-plastic matrix, fibrous-ceramic matrix, fibrous-metal matrix, fibrous-plastic matrix, flexible reinforced plastic, glass ceramic-amorphous glass matrix, laminar-layers of different metals, laminar-layer of glass-plastic (safety glass), laminar-layer of reinforced plastic, laminar-layers of unreinforced plastic. 

Excellent bonds to a wide variety of substrates can be obtained. Aluminum, brass, copper, stainless steel, and carbon steel are easily bonded to similar or dissimilar metals. Most plastics, including glass-reinforced grades, can also be bonded, along with wood, glass, cement-asbestos board, and hardboard. 

Polymers added in the form of fibres are now replacing the asbestos reinforced Portland cement that appeared in the mid-1980s. The fibres commonly used today besides steel and glass are PP and PA. A variety of other synthetic fibres can be used including PE, PES, aramid and carbon [39]. 

Since the early use of asbestos fibres, a wide variety of other fibres have been used with hydraulic cements conventional fibres such as steel and glass new fibres such as carbon orkevlar and low modulus fibres, either man-made (polypropylene, nylon) or natural (cellulose, sisal, jute). These types of fibres vary considerably both in properties, effectiveness and cost. Some common fibres, and their typical properties, are listed in Table 1.1. In addition to their mechanical properties, fibres... 

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