Fibre cement pipes

Asbestos can arise from natural sources and from asbestos cement pipe. Exposure to asbestos fibres through drinking-water is not considered to cause health effects in humans also, the analysis is difficult and expensive. 

Cigarette smoke Pipe lagging Air duct linings Ceiling and roof tiles Asbestos cement sheeting Synthetic fibres Plastics... 

In low temperature studies, it is preferable to mount the crystal in a flow cell [215]. This permits the gradual change of cryoprotectant concentration as the temperature is lowered and substrate is introduced into the crystal. A quartz capillary is attached to a brass support by epoxy cement and a tight-fitting polyethylene tube sealed to the bottom of the capillary. The capillary is filled with protein mother liquor solution. The crystal is introduced to the top and allowed to settle either on to a bed of pipe cleaner fibres placed on top of the polyethylene tube as support or on to a support made by previously introducing a constriction into the quartz capillary. The crystal may be secured further by additional fibres. The inlet polyethylene tube is sealed to the top of the capillary. The inlet and outlet tubes are then connected to the reservoir and sink, respectively (Fig. 13). 

The major common exception to the Licensing Regulations is for asbestos-cement mixture products such as roofing sheets, gutters and pipes. The defining point is the bulk density of the product, which to be classed as asbestos cement must exceed 1 tonne per cubic metre. Even though the risk from asbestos is less with these products because the fibres are firmly bound by the cement, the work is still covered by CAWR. 

Asbestos-cement was the first FRC composite in modern times, and was used extensively as a cladding material, for roofing and wall units as well as pipes. The asbestos fibres are made of natural crystalline fibrous minerals, consisting of bundles of filaments (sometimes known as fibrils), with individual filaments being as thin as 0.1 /tm or less. In the manufacture of the actual composite, the bundles tend to be split up during the processing procedure, though considerable portions of the reinforcement remain in the form of small fibre bundles. 

A variety of special precast components, such as utility poles [90], ducts, pipes have been produced from glass fibre reinforced cements, using technologies such as spray and filament winding. 

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