Cellulose polyelectrolyte complex

Zhao Q, Qian J, An Q, Gao C, Gui Z, Jin H (2009) Synthesis and characterization of soluble chitosan/sodium carboxymethyl cellulose polyelectrolyte complexes and the pervapOTatitHi dehydration of their homogeneous membranes. J Membr Sci 333 68-78... 

Barroso F., Argtielles W., Peniche C., SweUing and permeabUity of chitosan/carboxymethyl cellulose polyelectrolyte complex membranes Effect of pH and ions, Adv. Chitin ScL, 2, 1997, 573-579. 

A variety of synthetic polymers, including polycarbonate resins, substituted olefins, and polyelectrolyte complexes, are employed as ultrafiltration membranes. Many of these membranes can be handled dry, have superior organic solvent resistance, and are less sensitive to temperature and pH than cellulose acetate, which is widely used in RO systems. 

The hemocompatibility of poly(amido-amine) polyelectrolyte complexes was recently studied by Xi, Zhang and coworkers [499, 500]. The poly(amido-amine) was based on piperazine and methylene bisacrylamide, and the polyelectrolyte complexes were obtained from the reaction of poly(amido-amine) with alginic acid, carboxymethyl cellulose or poly(methacrylic acid). Complexes of polyamido-amine and alginic acid with a 1 2 ratio gave the best hemocompatibility. Finally, the blood compatibility of polyelectrolyte complexes based on anionic and cationic cellulose derivatives were studied by Ito et al. [338], In vivo, good blood compatibility of complexes formed from quaternary hy-droxyethyl cellulose reacted with carboxymethyl cellulose and cellulose sulfate was observed. 

Fig. 18 a, b. Typical permeabilities of various hydrogels to water and various solutes (a) Water permeability at pressures less than 7 x 107 dyne/cm2 531 (1) = polyelectrolyte complex of poly-(sodium styrenesulfonate) (NaSS)-poly(4-vinylbenzyltrimethylammonium chloride) (PVBMA), (2) = crosslinked hydrogel of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate), (3) - cellulose (b) Dialytic permeability of a polyelectrolyte complex composed of NaSS-PVBMA to solutes with various molecular weights541 (1) Water, (2) neutral polyelectrolyte complex (water content = 70%), (3) anionic polyelectrolyte complex (water content = 61%), (4) cellophane and cuprophane (water content = 57%)... 

Fig. 20. Dependence of the permeability coefficient of the polyelectrolyte complex of poly(ac-rylic acid) (PAA)-polyethylenepiperazine (PEPP) for water on the imposed pressure115 . (1) [PAA]/[PEPP] = 1/1, (2) [PAA]/[PEPP] = 3/1, (3) [PAA]/[PEPP] = 10/1, (4) Cellulose...

The membranes produced from polyelectrolyte complexes on the basis of weak polyelectrolytes, e.g. poly(carboxylic adds) (PAA and PMAA) and polyamines [poly(2-N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate), polyethylenepiperidine, polyethyl-enepyperasine, polyethylenimine] have been prepared140,141 and used in dialysis and ultrafiltration. Permeability coeffirients of membranes made from poly electrolyte complexes are much higher (4 and 20 times, resp.) in comparison with the cellulose-based membranes (Cuprophane, Film 1(M)). 

Electrostatic polyelectrolyte complexes (PEC) are mentioned in the literature involving chitosan and synthetic or natural polymers such as PAA and CMC [155,156], xanthan, carrageenan, alginate [157-162], pectin [163,164], heparin, hyaluronan (HA) [165-169], sulfated cellulose, dextran sulfate, or N-acylated chitosan/chondroitin sulfate. Many systems were cited in the literature [2, 170]. The electrostatic interaction was discussed in relation with the stiffness of the backbone and the nature of the ionic groups involved. Especially, with alginate or HA, a pH-dependent complex is formed, whose stability depends on the ionic concentration. The complex formation was investigated in dilute solution by potentiometry (pH) and conductivity to determine the fraction of ion pairs (-COO + NH3 —) formed in dependence of the experimental conditions [164, 166]. 

Feng XH, Pelton R, Leduc M (2006) Mechanical properties of polyelectrolyte complex films based on polyvinylamine and carboxymethyl cellulose. Ind Eng Chem Res 45 6665-6671... 

Kikuchi Y, Oshima A., Structure and properties of a polyelectrolyte complex consisting of carboxymethyl cellulose,... 

Arguelles-Monal W., Garciga M., Peniche-Covas C., Study of the stoichiometric polyelectrolyte complex between chitosan and carboxymethyl cellulose, Polym. Bull. (Berlin, Germany), 23(3), 1990, 307-313. 

ArgiieUes-Monal W., Hechavarria O.L., Rodriguez L., Peniche C., Swelling of membranes from the polyelectrolyte complex between chitosan and carboxymethyl cellulose, Polyrru Bull., 31(4), 1993,471 78. 

Petzold G, Lunkwitz K (1995) The interaction between polyelectrolyte complexes made from poly(dimethyldiallylammonium chloride) (PDMDAAC) and poly(maleic acid-co-a-methylstyrene) (P(MS-a-MeSty)) and cellulosic materials. Colloids Surf A 98 225-233... 

Feng X, Pouw K, Leung V et al (2007) Adhesion of colloidal polyelectrolyte complexes to wet cellulose. Biomacromolecules 8 2161-2166... 

Xiao L, Sahni J, Laine J et al (2009) The effects of polyelectrolyte complexes on dewatering of cellulose suspension. Nord Pulp Pap Res J 24 148-157... 

Zhao, Q., Qian, )., Gui, Z., An, Q., and Zhu, M. (2010) Interfacial self-assembly of cellulose-based polyelectrolyte complexes pattern formation of fractal trees . Soft Matter, 6, 1129-1137. 

Bierbrauer, K.L., Alasino, R.V., Stramia, M.C., Beltramo, D.M., 2014. Cationic cellulose and its interaction with chondroitm sulfate. Rheological properties of the polyelectrolyte complex. European Polymer Journal 50, 142-149. 

The existence of soluble protein-polyelectrolyte complexes makes polyelectrolytes potentially important enzyme carriers, in which the enzyme activity could be controlled. For example, the tryptic digestion of hemoglobin with PAA as a carrier was studied by Morawetz [56] in 1955. The trypsin activity was varied by adjusting pH and polymer concentration. It was found that the carrier could even activate the enzyme at low pH, as shown by Fig. 15.22. As shown in Fig. 15.23, the complex of trypsin with KPVS was found to retain activity in a wide pH range by Kokufuta [57]. Based on the study of trypsin-carboxymethyl-cellulose complexes, Larionova et al. [58] concluded that some protein-polyelectrolyte complexes can provide extra thermal stability at the preservation of high biological activity. 

Zhang, L., Huang, S. Viscosity properties of homogeneous polyelectrolyte complex solutions from sodium caiboxymethyl cellulose and poly (acrylamide- co -dimethyldiallylammonium chloride). Polym. Int. 532, 528-532 (2000)... 

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