Viscosity properties

Monoa.lka.nola.mine Condensates. Coco, lauric, oleic, and stearic monoethanolamides and monoisopropanolamides are the principal surfactants ia the monoalkano1 amide group (Table 24). Monoalkanolamides are generally water-iasoluble soHds that are easily solubilized by hydrophilic surfactants. Except for solubiUty and viscosity, properties and uses are similar to the diethanolamides. Manufacturing processes and yields have been described (96). 

Data of Figs 8-10 give a simple pattern of yield stress being independent of the viscosity of monodisperse polymers, indicating that yield stress is determined only by the structure of a filler. However, it turned out that if we go over from mono- to poly-disperse polymers of one row, yield stress estimated by a flow curve, changes by tens of times [7]. This result is quite unexpected and can be explained only presumably by some qualitative considerations. Since in case of both mono- and polydisperse polymers yield stress is independent of viscosity, probably, the decisive role is played by more fine effects. Here, possibly, the same qualitative differences of relaxation properties of mono- and polydisperse polymers, which are known as regards their viscosity properties [1]. 

We can suppose the following diagram that shows how the system becoming complicated due to filling, changes its rheological and viscosity properties in particular. 

This diagram essentially reflects the main features of variation of viscosity properties of a liquid when solid particles of a filler is introduced into it. It remains to impart a quantitative form to these features. This form is based on a great number of theoretical and experimental papers, which made it possible to formulate fundamental concepts in this field. 

Diagram of the Effect of a Filler on Viscosity Properties of Disperse (Filled) Systems... 

Though the accuracy of description of flow curves of real polymer melts, attained by means of Eq. (10), is not always sufficient, but doubtless the equation of such a structure based on the idea of relaxation mechanism of non-Newtonian polymer flow, correctly reflects the main peculiarities of viscous properties. Therefore while discussing the effect a filler has on the viscosity properties of polymer melts, besides the dependences Y(filler modifies the characteristic time of relaxation. According to [19], a possible form of the X versus

[Pg.86]

Non-conjugated diene (6) was needed in a search for oils with certain viscosity properties. Suggest a synthesis. 

P. M. Bauer, D. J. Hanlon, and W. R. Menking. Process for producing bentonite clays exhibiting enhanced solution viscosity properties. Patent US 5248641, 1993. 

The viscosities of water and gasoline increase with decreasing temperature. Gasoline has lower viscosity than water, and fuel and crude oil have a much higher viscosity that increases dramatically when temperature decreases.32 The ease with which a fluid pours is an indication of its viscosity. It is observed that cold oil has a high viscosity and pours very slowly. The viscosity properties of various potential pollutants are discussed in Section 18.9. 

Two grades that differ primarily in safety (fiash) and flow (viscosity) properties. 

No. 4 fuel oil a light indnstrial heating oil and is nsed where preheating is not required for handling or burning there are two grades of No. 4 fuel oil, differing in safety (flash point) and flow (viscosity) properties. 

Carbon dioxide, as can most other substances, can exist in any one of three phases—solid, liquid, or gas—depending on temperature and pressure. At low temperatures, carbon dioxide exists as a solid ("dry ice") at almost any pressure. At temperatures greater than about -76°F (-60°C), however, carbon dioxide may exist as a gas or as a liquid, depending on the pressure. At some combination of temperature and pressure, however, carbon dioxide (and other substances) enters a fourth phase, known as the supercritical phase, whose properties are a combination of gas and liquid properties. For example, supercritical carbon dioxide (often represented as SCC02, SC-C02, SC-CO2, or a similar acronym) diffuses readily and has a low viscosity, properties associated with gases, but is also a good solvent, a property one often associates with liquids. The critical temperature and pressure at which carbon dioxide becomes a supercritical fluid are 31.1°C (88.0°F) and 73.8 atm (1,070 pounds per square inch). 

Madsen, M. H., Christensen, D. H. (1996). Changes in viscosity properties of potato stareh during growth. Starch,... 

Q The most detailed studies were reported by Hermansson and Akesson ( , 41) and Hermansson (42) in which the properties of a soy isolate, caseinate, WPC, and model test systems of additive and lean beef or pork were studied. Solubility, swelling, and viscosity (properties reviewed as related to water absorption) were correlated with moisture loss in the raw systems. In cooked systems, the best predictability of meat texture as affected by additive was a statistical model that included the functional properties of swelling and gel strength of protein additive dispersions. 

Proteins can be modified by proteolytic enzymes with limited reduction in their nutritional bioavailability. Enzymatic hydrolysis of peptide bonds of proteins will reduce their molecular size, affect their structures, expose different regions of their molecules to the environment, and thereby alter their contribution to functionality, e.g. by increasing and decreasing the solubility and viscosity properties, respectively, of aqueous solutions. These changes can be controlled by carefully selecting proteolytic enzymes, maintaining proper treatment conditions, and monitoring the hydrolysis reactions. 

Compatibility of PVC with plasticizer (PI) also strongly influences the rheological and processing properties of plastisols 48>. The effects of the diverse plasticizers on PVC varies since some plasticizers (even well compatible with polymer), e.g. dibutylphthalate (DBP), may readily escape from the obtained materials and articles 17,23,43. Plasticizers which are poorly compatible with PVC (the so-called secondary PI ) may be used for the purpose-oriented change of viscosity properties of a system (fluidity increase) and saving the base PI component. 

This advantage is due to molecular structure and the lack of crystalline wax particles, present in some refined petroleum oils. Fully synthetic engine oil lubricants offer excellent low temperature flow and viscosity properties.(Demmin etal., 1992 Lakes, 1999). 

Collins JW, Torkelson JM, Webb AA (1977) Viscosity properties of lignosulfonate isolated by ultrafiltration. J Agric Food Chem 25 743-746 Forss KG, Fuhrman AGM (1978) US Pat 4,105,606... 

The combinatorial assembly of isocyanate-decorated dendrimers was reported by Newkome et al. (93) as a method to modulate the solubility, reactivity and viscosity properties of such popular materials. This modulation has an obvious impact for the discovery of high loading, soluble and flexible supports for high throughput organic synthesis. 

---