Cell surface polarity

Nelson, W.J. (1992). Regulation of cell surface polarity from bacteria to mammals. Science 258, 948-955. 

Simons K, Fuller SD. Cell surface polarity in epithelia. Annu Rev Cell Biol 1985 1 243-288. 

Sheppard, A. R. Adey, W. R. The role of cell surface polarization in biological effects of extremely low frequency fields. U. S. Department of Energy Symposium Series 50, Biological Effects of Extremely Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields" DOE Washington, D. C., 1979 pp. 147-158. 

Gospodarowicz, D., Greenburg, G., Vlodavsky, 1., Alvarado, J. and Johnson, L. K. (1979). The identification and localization of fibronectin in cultured corneal endothelial cells cell surface polarity and physiological implications. Exp. Eye Res. 29,485-509. 

Bagnat, M., and K. Simons. 2002. Cell surface polarization during yeast mating. Proc. Nat l. Acad. Sci. USA 99 14183-14188. 

K. Simons, P. Dupree, L. A. Fiedler, T. Huber, T. Kobayashi, T. Kurzchalia, V. Olkkonen, S. Pimplikar, R. Parton, C. Dotti, Biogenesis of cell-surface polarity in epitheleal cells and neurons. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quant. Biol. 57 (1992) 611. 

A process in which a substance gains entry into a cell. Endocytic mechanisms are crucial for a variety of cellular functions such as the uptake of nutrients, regulation of cell surface expression of receptors, maintenance of cell polarity, and more. Receptor-mediated endocytosis via clathrin-coated pits is the most studied endocytic process, which is important for regulation of the time and magnitude of signals generated by a variety of cell-surface receptors. 

PAMPs and various tissue factors can prime DCs to produce T-cell-polarizing factors [21], IL-12 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that induces IFN-y and promotes the development of Thl-cell differentiation [31], Other Thl-polarizing factors are IFN-a and IFN-(3 [32] and cell-surface expressed intracellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-l [33]. On the other hand, it has been shown that NF-kB inducing kinase (NIK), which is known to regulate B-cell maturation and lymphoid organogenesis, is important for the induction of Thl7 cells [34],... 

The gut wall within the small intestine is particularly well adapted for its role as an absorptive surface. Absorption rate is proportional to the area of the surface that is available for absorption. Thus, the internal surface of the small intestine is folded towards the lumen of the gut. This folding increases the surface area of the gut by approximately 3-fold. In this area, the gut wall is covered with many fingerlike projections called villi, and these provide a further 10-fold increase in surface area. In addition, the gut wall epithelial cells are polarized such that on the luminal surface there are millions of microvilli providing a further 20-fold increase in surface area for absorption. In all, these surface area modifications provide an absorptive area which is some 600-fold higher than would be provided by a simple cylinder. Thus, the estimated surface area of the human gut is approximately 200 m2 [1],... 

McCarthy, J. B., Lim, S. T., Elkind, N. B., Trimmer, J. S., Duvoisin, R. M., Rodriguez-Boulan, E., and Caplan, M. J. (2001) The C-terminal tail of the metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 7 is necessary but not sufficient for cell surface delivery and polarized targeting in neurons and epithelia. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 9133-9140. 

Mild, selective oxidation of the sialic acid side-chain, followed by the addition of bisulfite and Toluidine Blue has been used for topo-optical staining of sialoglycoconjugates in erythrocyte and lymphocyte membranes. This method, which is based on a polarization-microscope technique, pennits not only specific, and very sensitive, light-microscope staining of sialic acid residues on cell surfaces but also the study of the spatial arrangement of sialoglycoconjugate molecules on cell surfaces.192,197-198... 

We have already reported that synthetic peptide lipids, having ot-amino acid residuefs) interposed between a polar head moiety and a hydrophobic doublechain segment, can be used as models for functional simulation of biomembranes [23]. On this ground, we are to clarify molecular recognition specificity by supramolecular assemblies formed in combination of the macrocyclic receptors with the peptide lipid as artificial cell-surface receptors. 

Electrode polarization of the anode is less severe than that for the cathode and is mainly concentration polarization resulting from accumulation of zinc chloride near the electrode surface. During rest periods after discharge, diffusion of ZnCl2 into the bulk of the electrolyte reduces the anode polarization and this also contributes to the recovery of the cell voltage. Polarization behaviour of the cathode and anode of a D-size Leclanche cell is shown in Fig. 3.7. 

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