Cell, animal macrophage

This drug has marked immunomodulatory effects and can alter the normal function of T and B lymphocytes, NK cells and macrophages, both in vivo and in vitro, in humans and animals (Table 30.1).910 Although the molecular and cellular mechanisms for these effects are not fully defined, it is believed that both receptor and non-receptor mechanisms are involved. Cannabinoid receptors (CBRs) are G-protein coupled 7-... 

OH)D-la-hydroxylase is found in the inner mitochondrial membrane of the cells lining the proximal convoluted renal tubules. It is a mixed-function oxidase that requires molecular oxygen, a flavoprotein, a ferredoxin, and a cytochrome P-450 for activity. It is inhibited by carbon monoxide. Placental tissue contains la-hydroxylase activity, as do cultured bone cells and macrophages. This finding is of questionable importance under most circumstances, however, since l,25-(OH)2D is not present in significant amounts in nonpregnant, nephrectomized animals. 

When examined, the jejunum of these patients shows signs of crypt extension, disruption or loss of the brush border, as well as an extensive infiltrate of polymorphonuclear cells and macrophages into the lamina propria. Diarrhea in staphylococcal food poisoning may be due to the inhibition of water and electrolyte reabsorption in the small intestine by SEs as observed in vitro [76] and in an animal model [77],... 

Thl cells. Subpopulation of helper T lymphocytes producing mainly IL-2, IFN-y, and TNF-(5, thereby responsible for phagocyte-dependent host responses. Thl-dominated responses are seen in autoimmune diseases in which cytotoxic T cells and macrophages play a major role, e.g. multiple sclerosis, diabetes mellitus type 1, Hashimoto thyroiditis, and Crohn disease. Interestingly, switching from Thl to Th2 response can prevent Thl-mediated tissue destruction in animal models. 

In the reticuloendothelial system of animals, various cell populations cooperate to produce the humoral immune response. These cells circulate throughout the body in the blood and lymph systems. They are found in especially high concentrations in the spleen and the lymph nodes. Foreign antigens are initially recognized by scavenger surveillance cells called macrophages. 

---