Causal reasoning

There exist a number of causal reasons for these events but apart from accidents connected with the release of toxic chemicals fi om a natural source (e.g. volcanoes), the factors shown in Figure 3.1 or their combinations can be involved. 

These results indicate that once children pass false-belief tasks they also improve in their ability to search their own mind for appropriate problem solutions. In addition to correlations with creativity, verbal and non-verbal intelligence, other studies have found further associations with non-social abilities such as working memory (Davis Pratt 1995), pantomime (Suddendorf et al 1999, Taylor Carlson 1997) and causal reasoning (Frye et al 1998). These findings fly in the face of the claim that there is an encapsulated theory of mind module. Indeed, the very idea that the human mind is characterized by new, independent, domain-specific modules seems to contradict the observation that the human mind is flexible and generative in its thoughts, actions and words (Corballis 2000). In regards to theory of mind, for example, we are quite happy to use the intentional stance beyond the social sphere (e.g., when we use mental terms to explain the actions of animals, plants and even machines). 

This chapter aims to discuss of cancer risks and hormesis within the U.S. regulatory risk assessment practices, which legally require the characterization of causal relations between exposures or doses and responses to quantify the probability of cancer response. Causal reasoning characterizes environmental decision-making (EPA 2005 statement in square brackets added) because ... 

Catlett, N.L., Bargnesi, A.J., lingerer, S., et al. 2013. Reverse causal reasoning applying qualitative causal knowledge to the interpretation of high-throughput data. BMC Bioinf. 14 340. 

Enayetallah, A.E., Puppala, D., Ziemek, D., et al. 2013. Assessing the translatabUity of in vivo cardiotoxicity mechanisms to in vitro models using causal reasoning. BMC Pharmacol. Toxicol. 14 46. 

Keywords acausal reasoning, case relations, causal accounts, causal event sequences, causal reasoning, constraint-based reasoning, current electricity, device model, dynamic physical model, dynamic processes. Educational Testing Service, electricity, electrostatics, envisioning, macroscopic models, naive physics, physics, prior knowledge, qualitative arguments, qualitative model, qualitative theory, transient processes... 

On the other hand, when poor product quality is observed after each production life cycle, the backward Bayesian inference provides the causal reasoning to discover the main causes to improve the performance of the chemical production. 

Martins Maturana, 2013 Discusses both evidential and causal reasoning (probability of failure given specific MOF states probability of MOF states given failures have occurred). The BBN structure is derived from event trees and fault trees developed by the authors. MOFA... 

Helmont, like Severinus, used Augustine s phrase seminal reasons (rationes seminales) to define the mineral seeds in the abyss. The concept of seeds of matter and seminal or causal reasons was adopted by Augustine from Stoic sources via the Neoplatonists. Walter Pagel has noted its relevance for the seeds postulated by Paracelsus and Helmont. But more important than the mere use of the term is its theological connotation, which has not received the same attention. It is necessary to identify the context in... 

Augustine spoke of seminal and causal reasons in connection with the generation of living creatures, not minerals. Helmont transferred to mineral generation the concept of seminal reasons together with the Platonic idea, the pattern of which the concrete individual was a copy. Like Augustine, he saw the concept of seeds and seminal reasons as a way to link present-day processes with the creation of the world and to demonstrate that God was All in all. 

The causality of accidents in modern transportation systems may be difficult to determine. Investigations of past accidents and incidents have led to the development of improved system defences, which have significantly reduced the incidence of fatal accidents. When accidents occur they tend to exhibit complex causalities. Reason [1] referred to such accidents in modern well-defended systems as organizational accidents. These accidents are typically multi-faceted, and they may involve unexpected interactions or unforeseen propagation of failures [2]. 

Dr. Gjalt T. Prins worked as a high school teacher in chemistry and is now a researcher in science education at Utrecht University (The Netherlands). His research is on the use of authentic practice based curriculum units to foster students higher-order thinking skills, like causal reasoning and modelling. He also is interested in teaching about communication skills, competencies of science teachers and innovation and dissemination in the field of science education. 

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