Causal accounts

Bohm [4] demonstrated that the close parallel of the classical Hamilton-Jacobi (HJ) equation (T3.4) with Schrodinger s equation provides a logical point of departure for a causal account of quantum events. A wave function in polar form with real amplitude R and phase S,... 

Hence, quite apart from the general problem of giving a causal account of quantum mechanical explanations [see for instance (Salmon 1998, 23)], ab initio methods do not even appeal to causal processes or causal mechanisms. The causal approach to explanation will not work. 

Keywords acausal reasoning, case relations, causal accounts, causal event sequences, causal reasoning, constraint-based reasoning, current electricity, device model, dynamic physical model, dynamic processes. Educational Testing Service, electricity, electrostatics, envisioning, macroscopic models, naive physics, physics, prior knowledge, qualitative arguments, qualitative model, qualitative theory, transient processes... 

Li this problem, a positively charged bar is brought near to a neutral metallic disk, which is connected to ground. The student s task is to show how charges on the bar/disk may change, and to explain why they do. We interviewed Tania 6 months after she completed her course on electricity. Li solving Problem A, Tania created a qualitative, causal account of the experiment. 

Energy theorists of cultural evolution are concerned with the whole sweep of cultural evolution, from prehistoric hunters and gatherers to modern industrial societies. This global, secular perspective is useful in assessing the relevance of ideas advanced to account for short periods of time in the histoi y of particular societies. Those who propose an energy theoi-y of cultural evolution emphasize the problem of causality-whether or not the amount of energy a... 

While this above state of affairs is decidedly counterintuitive, it has the virtue of simply and easily - at least in principle - accounting for one of the deep mysteries of quantum mechanics namely, an apparent noidocality as expressed by the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen gcdarikcn experiment [ein35] and Bell s theorem [bell64] (see discussion box). Finite nature implies that any system that is allowed to evolve from some distant initial state possesses causality in all space-time directions. This implies, in particular, that no part of space can be considered to be causally separated from another, and that therefore the DM universe will always harbor effects that cannot be attenuated by distance. 

Elizabeth Lloyd That you cannot give a full explanation of what s happening in the group without giving an account of the gradient, and, in fact, the difference in socioeconomic gradients - I wouldn t prefer to call them causal myself but that they are descriptors of the situation that you cannot take them away from the explanation and understand it in the same way. I said one explains the phenomena in terms of what types of entities and their properties and so I take that to be a standard definition of a reductionist or anti-reductionist position. 

From hindsight analyses of accidents by Heinrich (Heinrich, 1959), Turner (Turner, 1978), Leplat (Leplat, 1987), Reason (Reason, 1997), etc., it is known that failures or deviations in normal operations are present prior to, and are directly related with, an accident. From hindsight analysis as reported in FACTS, the failures or deviations as well as the accident trajectory or causal path, of 70 accidents are known. To derive the risk coverage area these deviations, are placed in the risk matrix. The only deviations taken into account are those which occur in the operational process and are part of the accident trajectory or causal path prior to the critical events as described in FACTS. So the latent conditions lying behind these operational deviations as described by Reason (Reason, 1997) are not yet taken into account but will be discussed in the following Chapter. 

Can a new methodology take into account the causal effects of various mar-kef ing initiatives ... 

Epidemiologists need to work diligently to weed out possible bias, in the selection of subjects for study and in the collection of data on exposure to possible causative factors. If, in a given study, an association is found, but bias is identified and cannot be accounted for, it may be that causal inferences can simply never be drawn. 

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