Caucasus

The INTROS Flaw Detector is certified by the Russian State Standard Service (GOSSTANDART) as well as approved by the Russian State Mining and Technology Safety Inspection (GOSGORTECHNADZOR). It is used to inspect mining hoist and crane ropes. Fig. 5 illustrates the INTROS use at the mining hoist of an Ural ore mine. The previous model of the instrument, MDK-11 was used to inspect ropes of the air rope ways in Caucasus and Kazakhstan in 1996. Fig. 6 shows the INTROS MDK-11 inspection of 45 mm skyline rope in Almaty, Kazakhstan. 

Turkey and Energy Security in the Caucasus and Central Asia 113... 

TURKEY AND ENERGY SECURITY IN THE CAUCASUS AND CENTRAL ASIA... 

This is a region of critical importance. Not withstanding the potential for conflict in the Pacific Rim, the Balkans, and between Israel and the Arabs, the Southern Caucasus/Northem Mesopotamia region is probably the most geo-strategically important piece of real estate in the world. 

The situation is further compounded by major oil and gas deposits in Northern Iraq and Azerbaijan (Caspian Sea), as well as critically important and contentious pipeline routes such as Balor-Ceyhan and Baku-Supsa. The volatility of this region can be seen even today, with the deployment of Russian troops in Chechnya. Indeed the three states that make up the geostrategic unit of the South Caucasus, - Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan, two of whom share borders with Turkey, will be directly impacted by the advancement of Russian forces in Dagestan and Chechnya. 

A Georgian collapse creates the necessary conditions for a dramatic shift in the regional balance of power that under a worst case scenario would probably be characterized by 1) a PKK destabilization of southeastern Turkey (see Mehmet Ali Birand, Posta Newspaper, Sept. 17 wherein Russian authorities warned Turkey not to assist Chechen rebels or risk the resumption of PKK attacks), which would then, 2) facilitate the development of an air and land corridor connecting the Russian forward deployment in the South Caucasus with northern Iraq, thereby 3) extending Russian influence further into the Persian Gulf and the Middle East. Such a future could disrupt or entirely cut off the East-West energy transit corridor concepts that have been promoted by the United States and which stretch from the central Asian states through the Caucasus via Turkey into Europe. 

Within this context, the question arises as to Turkey s role in the Caucasus and Central Asia. I believe for many reasons that you are already familiar with, Turkey is not only the gate for the West into these regions, but Turkey is die indispensable power. The Central Asian and South Caucasus states do not have any great desire, so far as I can ascertain, to fall under Russian dominance, a Pan-Eurasian strategic alliance, or succumb to Islamic theocracy. 

South Caucasus Cooperation Council. Turkey could play an important and pivotal role in maintaining the integrity of the South Caucasus by hosting (or co-hosting with the U.S.) the leaders of Azerbaijan, Armenia and Georgia, through the auspices of the South Caucasus Cooperation Council. 

In 1976-78, OCPs were detected without exception in every body of water studied in the Caucasus region (lake Sevan, the Mingechaursk Reservoir, and the Razdan, Inguri, Kura, and Rioni Rivers). DDT was found in 77.3% of samples, HCH in 96.4% and granosan in 100%. 

Petroleum was known in Asia and the Caucasus even before the Christian era. However, commercial production did not begin until 1857 in Romania and in the United States until 1859 (Woytinsky and Woytinsky,... 

Although numerous luminous organisms are known, only a few of them has been studied and really exploited. Analytical applications of bioluminescence concern mainly the detection of ATP with the firefly luciferase and of NADH with some marine bacteria systems. Luciferase from the North American firefly, i.e., Photinus pyralis, has been extensively studied10-12 and afterwards, attention has been paid to the luciferase from Luciola mingrelica, i.e., the North Caucasus firefly13 15. 

Recently, a U.S.S.R.-Czechoslovokian research group have reported 14C data for dated wine samples from the Caucasus Mountains [27]. Their results are in fairly close agreement with our results for the time of overlapping data (figure 5). If the anomalous data for A.D. 1943 are omitted, the fifth order polynomial fit to the data yields a 5 per mil peak to trough amplitude with a phase lag of 4 years behind sunspot numbers. The amplitude... 

Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium (1) is a species of white flower and contains more insecticidal ingredients than other species. This pyrethrum species originated from Dalmatia and has been used for cultivation. On the other hand, the origin of Roseum (2) is Persia and the Caucasus. It has beautiful red flowers but its pyrethrin content is extremely low compared to (1). Known as red-flowered pyrethrum, it is used merely as an ornamental plant. Marshalli (3) originated from Persia and contains pyrethrins in negligible amounts therefore, the pyrethrum referred to in this text is from C. cinerariaefolium (1). 

Many of Russia s major oil pipelines parallel gas lines. A trunk oil line runs eastward from the Volga-Ural fields to Irkutsk on Lake Baikal, westward from those fields into Ukraine and Latvia, and southwest to connect with the North Caucasus oil... 

Traditionally, plants are a rich source of AChE inhibitors. People from the Caucasus used bulbs of snowdrops Galanthus sp.) to treat forgetfulness [25]. The active compound in this plant has been isolated and called galanthamine. Other plant-derived AChE inhibitors used for treatment of Alzheimer s disease include Huperzine A from Huperzia serrata and Rivastigmine (Excelon). The latter is a derivative from physostigmine isolated from the calabar bean, Physos-tigma vmmosum. 

Natural gas has been known for many centuries. For instance, near Baku, Caucasus, a temple of a religious sect who "worshipped the fire , existed long before the Russians arrived there. The fire was produced by the burning of natural gas. The first commercial use of the gas in the USA was in 1820 at Fredonia, NY, when a few buildings were... 

Agricola retells the account by the Roman Strabo of how gold was extracted in antiquity from alluvial deposits in Colchis, the land between the Caucasus, Armenia, and the Black Sea ... 

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