Anomalous data

Recently, a U.S.S.R.-Czechoslovokian research group have reported 14C data for dated wine samples from the Caucasus Mountains [27]. Their results are in fairly close agreement with our results for the time of overlapping data (figure 5). If the anomalous data for A.D. 1943 are omitted, the fifth order polynomial fit to the data yields a 5 per mil peak to trough amplitude with a phase lag of 4 years behind sunspot numbers. The amplitude... 

There was no significant relation of the concentrations of As, Mn and Pb between rice and soils. Scatter plot showed that the correlation coefficient of As increases from 0.027 to 0.321 after deleting one set of data outliers (see fig.1 and 2). But the correlation coefficients of Mn and Pb couldn t be improved by deleting anomalous data sets. Several researchers (Lu et al 2005 Su et a ., 2008 Zhou et al., 2007) obtained similar results between... 

As a result of this anomalous data, part of the main factorial experiments was repeated by using a 2 design that included the same parameters and conventions as the original factorial, except that one factor, the methanol bridge solvent concentration, was excluded from the design. This smaller factorial consisted of eight experiments that were run in duplicate. The design matrix is depicted in Table V. 

In the light of this work, some anomalous data in the literature can be accounted for where analyses of Salmonella antigens have failed to fall in line with others of the same O group, the cultures had clearly become rough, for example. Salmonella cholerae sui and Salmonella newport A more serious situation could arise more easily where a partly rough culture extracted by the phenol method would give a mixture of two polysaccharides this would be an unfortunate basis for further studies of the material. 

The anomalous data for the alkaline fission of Fe(5-N02-phen) + have been explained by postulating lability for the 6-proton (115) which, if correct, casts doubt on the estimated constants used by Charton. 

Ratios of methane/ethane, methane/propane and methane/total butanes for all sites that exceed the median of the data are also shown in Figs. 5-31 and 5-32, in order to provide a visual illustration of the composition of the anomalous data. The bimodal nature of the Loma de La Lata soil-gas data is clearly shown by the red (gas) and green (oil) populations whilst Filo Morado stands in stark contrast, with its unimodal oily (green) population and lack of gas-type anomalies. 

Analysis of the data presented in Table 16.6 allows the rejection of anomalous data (outliers) using statistical tests, producing better precision, from 2.94 to 5.01 (RSDr) and from 7.50 to 13.84 (RSDr). These precision parameters are considered acceptable, and this preliminary validation of the colorimetric method was therefore considered successful. 

Because of the ambiguity in the cos" term, there are two possible values for ap (Fig. 6b). The ambiguity can be resolved by a second heavy atom derivative. For some reflections, two derivatives may be sufficient to solve the phase problem. In general, more than two derivatives and/or the use of anomalous data are required, because of the effects of errors in the measurements on the phase determination. 

For example, if we have another heavy atom isomorphous derivative available with heavy atom sites different from those found in the first derivative, when the preceding process is repeated, we will get two solutions, one true and one false for each reflection from the second derivative as well. The true solutions should be consistent between the two derivatives while the false solution should show a random variation. Thus, by comparing the solutions obtained from these two calculations, one (the computer) can establish which solution represents the true phase angle. This is the principle of the MIR method. One can also utilize the anomalous scattering (AS) data of the first derivative to resolve the phase ambiguity. In this case, the technique is called the SIRAS approach. If two derivatives and anomalous data are used, then it is called the MIRAS approach. 

Brandstetter, H., Engh, R.A., Von Roedem, E.G., Moroder, L., Huber, R., et al. (1998) Structure of malonic acid-based inhibitors bound to human neutrophil collagenase. A new binding mode explains apparently anomalous data. Protein Sci. 7 1303-1309. 

A critical part of the investigation is a review of other related documents to identify the root cause of the OOS result. Some of the documents to be checked include stability data of other time points of the same lot, other lots of the same product, other pack sizes/pack configurations of the same lot or the same product, and the batch production record for other investigations on the same lot/same product. The data can reveal if the anomalous data was developing at earlier time points or whether the root cause discovered as a result of this investigation could impact other lots, other pack sizes, and other time point data. 

Chinn, C. A., Brewer, W. F. (1993). The role of anomalous data in knowledge acquisition A theoretical framework and implications for science instruction. Review of Educational Research, 63(1), 1-49. 

There was a lack of communication at aU levels and between all parties regarding the anomalous data that was being observed. It appears as if the lines of command were not properly defined and/or being followed. (This is in contrast with the Blackboard incident, which has already been discussed, where the difficulties that the drill crew experienced were communicated all the way up the command chain, stopping only at the company s CEO.)... 

An understanding of chemical equilibrium requires that students understand reversible reactions and their dynamic nature. In the pre-test and the pre-interview, students had the pre-instructional conceptions that reactions go in one direction and that at least one of the reactants would completely react. The first lesson used experiments (van Driel et al., 1998) resulting in anomalous data. Experiment 1 involved the iron(lII)-thiocyanate equilibrium and was intended to show the presence of unreacted iron(lll) and thiocyanate ions and the incompleteness of the reaction. The use of anomalous data or discrepant events to create cognitive conflict causing students to be dissatisfied with their current conceptions and to adopt a target concept has been advocated by many educational researchers (Posner, Strike,... 

Contours of Sr activity in the 100-N Area measured during September/October 1989, November/December 1989, and February 1990, are presented in Figures 5-18, 5-19, and 5-20 respectively. These data indicate that °Sr contamination appears confined to the area immediately adjacent to the 116-N-l and 116-N-3 facilities, although insufficient data are available to characterize contamination northeast of the 116-N-l trench and south and east of the 116-N-3 crib. In addition, a number of anomalous data points appear in the vicinity of 116-N-3. Variations in monitoring-well-screen lengths and depths may be responsible for many of these anomalies (DOE-RL 1991). 

Any anomalous data points that do not agree with the line or curve of best fit must be identified. 

Figure 11.30 A graph of experimental data showing linear behaviour and anomalous data... 

The data point circled in Figure 11.30 is anomalous data since it is clear that it does not fit in with the trend shown by the other data points and hence suggests a mistake was made during the recording. Anomalous data is not included in the analysis of the data. 

The work in reference (16), demonstrating the hardening effect of radiation, introduces a note of caution in ascribing the same type of hardness anisotropy to crystals having the same slip systems, because there is reported data for all, even nonceramic, rock-salt materials NaCl and KCl, which show the hard direction on (001) to be [100], not [110]. These anomalous data emerge from very soft crystals, NaCl (1.91 GPa) and KCl (0.92 GPa), which do have IIOKIIO) slip systems some attempt at interpretation is made in Section 3.6.1. 

Note A2.I—For information on types of compounds that may yield anomalous data in the bromine number test, see Annex Al. In the case of special samples that contain high concentrations of certain hydrocarbon types, caution in the interpretation of the bromine number is needed. 

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