Cations of metals

These figures furnish a handy summary of solubility behavior. We see from Figure 10-5A that few chlorides have low solubilities. The few that do contain cations of metals clustered toward the right side of the periodic table (silver ion, Ag+, cuprous ion, Cu+, mercurous ion, HgJ2, and lead ion, Pb+2) but they do not fall in a single column. This irregularity is not un-... 

Naming of the positive ion depends on whether the cation is monatomic (has one atom). If not, the special names given in Sec. 6.3.2 are used. If the cation is monatomic, the name depends on whether the element forms more than one positive ion in its compounds. For example, sodium forms only one positive ion in all its compounds—NaT Iron forms two positive ions—Fc2r and Fe,+. Cations of elements that form only one type of ion in all their compounds need not be further identified in the name. Thus, Na may simply be called the sodium ion. Cations of metals that occur with two or more different charges must be further identified. Fe(NO,)2 and Fe(NO,)3 occur with Fc2+ and Fe3 ions, respectively. If we just call the ion the iron ion, we will not know which one it is. Therefore, for monatomic cations, we use a Roman numeral in parentheses attached to the name to tell the charge on such ion. (Actually, oxidation numbers are used for this purpose, but if you have... 

Some substances manifest both electronic and electrolytic conductance at the same time. Among such conductors are some metal compounds such as solid silver sulphide, cuprous oxide, zinc oxide, cuprous chloride and similar substances. A special group includes solutions of alkali- and alkaline-earth metals in amines, namely in liquid ammonia, where appart from cations of metals and electrons bonded to the ammonia also free electrons are present at higher concentrations of solutions, whereby the conductance is considerably increased. 

In their review Gillespie and Passmore [49] describe homopolyatomic cations of metallic elements such as Bi, Hg, Cd and Zn and these have been discussed more recently [4(d)], Many of these were isolated initially as naked cations from molten salt mixtures by reacting the metal with its normal chloride directly or in a host melt. The cation Hg,+ has been known for 100 years. It was not then so surprising when... 

There has been little reported study of preparation of polyatomic cations of metals in superacids. The very limited experience with Bij+ in weakly acidic HF suggests that this may be a fertile field for research. For example, Hg +, which was found to disproportionate in S02 [51], should be stable in protonic superacids or in acidic media such as neat SbFs. Similarly, bismuth cations other than Bij+ should be stable in media of controlled acidity. 

A characteristic of some cations of metal salts such as Al(lll) and Fe(lll) is that of forming a precipitate when added to water. For this precipitation to occur, a colloidal particle may provide as the seed for a nucleation site, thus, entrapping the colloid as the precipitate forms. Moreover, if several of this particles are entrapped and are close to each other, coagulation can result by direct binding because of the proximity. 

The solubility and mobilization of multivalent cations of metals such as Fe, Mn and Ti is related to their valence states and, thus, to the Eh of aque-... 

Other useful effects of solubilization are the binding of organic acids soluble in lubricating oils to the cations of metal sulfonate detergents in these oils, thereby decreasing the corrosion of metals by these acids (Bascom, 1958) and the solubilization of foamicidal oils by foam-producing surfactants, leading to increased foam life. 

H. Willner and F. Aubke (1997) Angewandte Chemie International Edition, vol. 36, p. 2403 - A review of binary carbonyl cations of metals in groups 8 to 12. 

However, all weak inorganic and organic acids and their salts ( phosphates, borates) and cations of metals being hydrolysed to release H" ions are titrated at the same time. In the majority of less-mineralized natural waters with pH > 4.5 which do not originate from peat moor regions, the content of free CO2 in water can be calculated from BNCg 3 (so-called acidity). 

Hartwich, G., Geskes, C., Scheer, H., Heinze, J., Mtlntele, W. (1995). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of electrogenerated anions and cations of metal-substituted bacteriochlorophyll a, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 117 7784. 

Albert A, Rees CW. Avidity ofdie tetracyclines for die cations of metals. iVaiMr (195Q 177, 433. ... 

Figure 7.7 Variation of dielectric properties [e and e") with frequency of paper sheets obtained from changing (a) the anion of metal salt of potymer complex addition and (b) the cation of metal salt of polymer complex addition.

For the effect of cation of metal salt of polymer complex, it was observed that [Figs. 7.7b and 7.8b], CMC-Zn[H] complex provided paper sheet with greater dielectric properties than that produced by CMC-Fe[IH] complex. Both type of complexes produced relatively high insulating paper than paper made from untreated wood pulp. The results obtained are probably due to the change of the type of combination between metal and cellulose. However, in case of Zn[H], the ionical bond is formed, while chelated covalent coordinated bond is formed in case of Fe[IH] [47]. 

The structures of many binary and ternary scandium borides and carbides may be deducted from other structure types by a multiple substitution of larger atoms by B-B or C-C pairs or by the inclusion of B or C atoms into the cavities of the parent structure types. The same is valid for the structures of scandium intermetallics with the 6B elements. The Ti7Si2, NiAs, ErAgSc2 and Al2Mg04 structure types can be obtained by an inclusion of cations of metals into the octahedral and tetrahedral cavities of different packings (usually close ones) of 6B anions. Frequently the inclusion of atoms causes a distortion of the parent close-packed structure. 

Polymer electrolyte is composed of polymer substrate and metal salt. Possible polymer substrates include polyethylene oxide, poly vinylidene fluoride, poly(methyl methacrylate), polyvinylidene chloride, and polyacrylonitrile. Examples of cations of metal salt are li, Na, K, and Mg. Possible anions are BF, SCN, SO3CF3, AsF PF and NfCFjSOj). An inorganic modifier such as nanopartide Ti02 can be added to increase mechanical properties of supercapadtor. Mass is divided so that polymer substrate is 30 to 90 wt%, metal salt is to 2 to 30 wt%, and nanotube modifier is 3 to 30 wt%. 

Some data on the interfacial tension of extractants used for extracting the cations of metals is adduced in a review [28]. 

It may be suggested that the ligand-metal interaction in the arenelanthanoids has a double nature the clear electrostatic interaction between arene anion and cation of metal is supported by the 7i-donating bond, which can have a T, T, or t hapticity. Predominance of the first or the second component depends, evidently, on the electron affinity of arene and the donating ability of the other ligands at the metal atom. 

The use of protective coatings permits the deposition of a barrier coat that insulates the metal from the aggressive medium. This will imply that, in many cases, the field of apph-cations of metals and alloys appreciated for their mechanical, physical or chemical features and which, however, have moderate resistance to corrosion in demanding environments, can be extended. 

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