Nomenclature cation

H-1 A ,3 -Thiazol-1 -ylideneacetic acid nomenclature, 1, 32 Thiazolylium cations reactivity, 6, 250... 

Meanwhile, the A convention combined with replacement nomenclature may be used to indicate the changed bonding number of the anionic site, and the suffix -ide appended, as shown in (202) and (203). Proposals for an anionic replacement prefix, analogous to the cationic -onia prefixes, are under consideration. 

Specific polymers discussed in this chapter and the type of column used for their characterization are summarized in Table 20.1. The polymers are categorized as nonionic, anionic, or cationic. The nomenclature (acronyms) used for the different polymer types are also listed in Table 20.1. 

These will be represented by (Res.A )B , where Res. is the basic polymer of the resin, A is the anion attached to the polymeric framework, B+ is the active or mobile cation thus a sulphonated polystyrene resin in the hydrogen form would be written as (Res.SO J)H. A similar nomenclature will be employed for anion exchange resins, e.g. (Res. NMeJ )CI . 

Montell C, Birnbaumer L, Flockerzi V et al (2002) A unified nomenclature for the superfamily of TRP cation channels. Mol Cell 9 229-231... 

Macropolycyclic ligands, 2,942 classification, 2,917 metal complexes binding sites, 2, 922 cavity size, 2,924 chirality, 2, 924 conformation, 2,923 dimensionality, 2, 924 electronic effects, 2, 922 shaping groups, 2,923 structural effects, 2,922 molecular cation complexes, 2,947 molecular neutral complexes, 2,952 multidentate, 2,915-953 nomenclature, 2,920 Macro tetrolide actins metal complexes, 2,973 Macrotricycles anionic complexes, 2,951 cylindrical... 

In this part we shall use the nomenclature of Si lien and Martel 1 (76) to define stability constants, medium and experimental techniques. We shall only deal with overall stability constants of the cation M with the ligand L according to reaction (25)... 

The abbreviations for the investigation methods are also taken from the nomenclature of Sillen and Martel 1 (76) aiex = anion exchange cal = calorimetry ciex = cation exchange dis = distribution between two phases est = estimate red = e.m.f. with redox electrode sp = spectrophotometry. Our selected data, rather limited in number, arise from the present status of the IAEA assessment of inorganic complexes of the actinides (12). 

Some older systems of nomenclature are still in use. For example, some cations were once denoted by the endings -ous and -ic for the ions with lower and higher charges, respectively. To make matters worse, these endings were in some cases added to the Latin form of the element s name. Thus, iron(II) ions were called ferrous ions and iron(III) ions were called ferric ions (see Appendix 3C). We do not use this system in this text, but you will sometimes come across it and should be aware of it. 

Modern nomenclature includes Element Cation Old-style name Modern name... 

Cationic dyes, nomenclature of, 25 Cellular exchanges, thiazolium salts as activators in, 80... 

Regulating growth factors, of plants, thiazolium salts as, 80 Resonance theory, 68 Rhodacyanines, see Neutrorhodacyanines cationic, tables of, 180 nomenclature of. 27 nonionic dyes, tables of. 184 synthesis of, 64... 

According to these consideration the diamino-substituted phosphenium (an alternative suggestion for its nomenclature is phosphanylium) cation, 5, and the phosphanetriylammonium (iminophosphenium) cation, 6, possess the largest intrinsic (gas phase) stabihties. Since in the X-ray structures the molecules are to a first-order isolated, this theoretical stability scale determined for the gas phase should also mimic the various trends of the stabilities of the cations and their chelation behaviour. The methylenephosphenium, 7, and the PjH cations, 8, suffer from poor stabihties. On the other hand the phosphirenium cation, 11, is considered to be fairly well stabilized. It is due to n-electron delocalisation of the positive charge in the phosphirenium cation. Intermediate cases in stabihty are the PO+ (9) and PS+ cations (10). Of further interest are the frontier orbital considerations, as shown in Fig. 2. 

In contrast to the iminophospheninm cation, 6, described in the previous section, the corresponding phosphaphosphenium (the alternative nomenclature to this species is phosphanediylphosphenium or phosphanetriyiphosphonium), cation 8, shows only a modest intrinsic stability, as suggested by the quantum chemical calculations (see Fig. 1). They predict that a protonated 2 should have a bridged structure [60-66],8a (Scheme 14). 

According to our nomenclature, as used in the table, Vm is a vacancy at an M cation site, etc. The first five pairs of defects given above have been observed experimentally in solids, whereas the last four have not. This answers the question posed above, namely that defects in solids occur in pairs. 

Approximately 200 works have been published during the last fifty years [6-8]. The conventional nomenclature and location of the different sites as introduced by Smith [6] has been used (figure 1). By combining and comparing these results, a certain number of distribution tendencies of extraframework cations can be put forward ... 

An additional aspect of nomenclature is the procedure of identifying the charge on a complex cation or anion by a number in parentheses after the name. The numbers indicating the charges are known as Ewens-Bassett numbers. Some examples showing both procedures for specifying charges and oxidation states are as follows ... 

The fact that metal hydrides can be acidic may seem paradoxical in view of the nomenclature that insists that all complexes with a M-H bond be referred to as hydrides regardless of whether their reactivity is hydridic or not. Not only can some metal hydrides donate a proton, but some can be remarkably acidic. Some cationic dihydrogen complexes are sufficiently acidic to protonate Et20 [8], and some dicationic ruthenium complexes have an acidity comparable to or exceeding that of HOTf [9],... 

The sections are divided by the coordination number of the reacting ion defined as the number of donor atoms that interact with the metal. The nomenclature used for the ligands is L for neutral molecules that act as ligands and X for anions that act as ligands. Most of the examples in this section will involve cations [ML ]+ or [MX ]+, but there will be a short section on bare metal anions, M . The anions of more complexity than M will be discussed in Section IV on clusters. Many reactions produce an initial product that continues to react resulting in further coordi-native changes and possibly redox changes. Tables I and II will indicate the initial reaction product and other major reaction products. 

The discussion and classification of reagents is masterful in identifying Ingold s new nomenclature and principles with more widely known oxidation-reduction and acid-base theory. The 1953 lectures at Cornell University, published as Structure and Mechanism in Organic Chemistry, follow this same strategy, showing how old classification schemes overlap with each other and how apparent inconsistencies disappear as old schemes are incorporated into the new one. Nineteenth-century Berzelian electrochemical dualism, revived by Lapworth and Robinson in the cationic/anionic schema, disappears into the electrophilic/nucleophilic language. 

NAD(P)+ as Anode Mediator. A majority of redox enzymes require the cation nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, possibly phosphorylated (NAD(P)+) as a cofactor. Of the oxidoreductases listed in Enzyme Nomenclature, over 60% have NAD(P)+ as a reactant or product.For example, methanol can be oxidized to form formaldehyde by methanol dehydrogenase (MDH, EC 1.1.1.244) according to... 

Unlike the lanthanides, the actinides U, Np, Pu, and Am have a tendency to form linear actinyl dioxo cations with formula MeO and/or Me02. All these ions are paramagnetic except UO and they all have a non-spherical distribution of their unpaired electronic spins. Hence their electronic relaxation rates are expected to be very fast and their relaxivities, quite low. However, two ions, namely NpO and PuOl", stand out because of their unusual relaxation properties. This chapter will be essentially devoted to these ions that are both 5/. Some comments will be included later about UOi (5/°) and NpOi (5/ ). One should note here that there is some confusion in the literature about the nomenclature of the actinyl cations. The yl ending of plutonyl is often used indiscriminately for PuO and PuOl and the name neptunyl is applied to both NpO and NpOi. For instance, SciFinder Scholar" makes no difference between yl compounds in different oxidation states. Here, the names neptunyl and plutonyl designate two ions of the same 5f electronic structure but of different electric charge and... 

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