Catalytic methanol production

Methanol production, where CO is added as additive, is very a well-known reaction. The production is carried out in two steps. The first step is to convert the feedstock natural gas into a synthesis gas stream consisting of CO, CO2, H20 and hydrogen. This is usually accomplished by the catalytic reforming of feed gas and steam. The second step is the catalytic synthesis of methanol from the synthesis gas. If an external source of C02 is available, the excess hydrogen can be consumed and converted to additional methanol. 

Table 8.3 Yields of the Products and Selectivities in Catalytic Methanol Reactions on Mo(112)-(1x2)-0...

It is of interest to assess the process potential of methanol production by a direct partial oxidation of methane. This way the steam reformer and the shift reactor can be saved, and the catalytic methanol reactor can be replaced by a noncatalytic partial oxidation reactor. It is estimated that direct partial oxidation is competitive if a conversion of methane of at least 5.5% can be obtained with a methanol selectivity of at least 80%. 

Liquid Fuels via Methanol Synthesis and Conversion. Methanol is produced catalytically from synthesis gas. By-products such as ethers, formates, and higher hydrocarbons are formed in side reactions and are found in the crude methanol product. Whereas for many years methanol was produced from coal, after World War II low cost natural gas and light petroleum fractions replaced coal as the feedstock. 

Various kinds of metal catalysts are reported to be active for methanol synthesis from H2/CO2. Activity of metal catalyst for methanol yield increased with following order, Cu Co=Pd=Re>Ni>Fe Ru=Pt>Os>Ir=Ag=Rh>Au.[8] Needless to say, catalytic activity is much dependent on metal dispersion, additives and type of support. It is apparent, however, Copper is the most active metal species for methanol production. Effect of metal oxide support to 5wt%Cu catalyst was studied. [9]... 

In this work, we investigate the preparation of copper-oxide catalyst system for hydrogenation, particularly CO hydrogenation for methanol production. We report the relations between the condition and morphology of the catalyst originated from the preparation condition of the catalyst and the catalytic activity for CO hydrogenation as well as the catalytic activity of various oxide contained copper. 

The catalytic CO hydrogenation activity for methanol production over Cu based catalysts are listed in Table 2. In Table 2, the activity of conventional copper based methanol synthesis catalysts, Cu/Zn0/Cr203 (Cu Zn Cr = 6 3 1) and Cu/Zn0/Al203 (Cu Zn AI = 4 5 1), as well as Cu-Yb203 prepared in the present work at various reaction... 

Catalytic activity of methanol production. Cu-Ln203 prepared from various CugOgLnlNOs) precursors to ... 

Relation between the catalytic activity of methanol production at 473 K and the content of ... 

Fig. 3. Catalytic activity of various lanthanide oxide contained Cu-oxide systems to CO hydrogenation D = methanol production and I = CO2 production.

The ultimate goal in methanol production will be achieved if satisfactory catalysts and reactor technologies can be developed for efficient direct catalytic oxidation of methane or natural gas. 

After coirparing the various options to methanol production, a new methanol plant design evolved which utilizes catalytic oxidation syngas generation and the tube cooled methanol converter. This new route was... 

A key property of catalytic processes is selectivity. Catalysis has revolutionized process chemistry by replacement of wasteful, unselective (i.e. multiple-product-forming) reactions with efficient, selective (i.e. one-product-dominating) ones. For example, selective catalytic methanol carbonylation (practiced by BP, BASF Monsanto, Eastman) has to a large extent substituted unselective non-catalytic n-butane oxidation (Celanese, and Union Carbide processes). 

All industrially-produced methanol is made by the catalytic conversion of synthesis gas containing carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen as the main components. Methanol productivity can be enhanced by synthesis gas enrichment with additional carbon dioxide to a certain limit [14]. However, a C02—rich environment increases catalyst deactivation and shortens its lifetime, and produces water which adversely affects the catalyst matrix stability resulting in crystallite growth via hydrothermal synthesis phenomena [14]. Thus, a special catalyst has been designed to operate under high C02 conditions. This catalyst s crystallites are located on energetically stable sites that... 

In the conventional method for the generation of methanol from synthesis gas, a mixture of CO, CO2, and H2 is compressed and introduced into a fixed-bed catalytic reactor. The reactions are exothermal and volume-reducing, thus low temperatures and high overpressures are desirable. A catalyst is required to maximize methanol output. Methanol production generates a surplus of hydrogen which can, by adding CO2, be utilized to increase the methanol yield. Methanol is basically used in the chemical industry as... 

METHANOL PRODUCTION IN PACKED CATALYTIC TUBULAR REACTORS 573... 

As mentioned, a part of the alcohol solvent was invloved in the catalytic reaction whereas the most parts of the alcohol solvent acted as SCF, but were not involved in the catalytic reaction. The coexisting SCFs were studied by varying the molar ratio of 2-propanol as a catalytic cosolvent in SC -hexane. The role of the solvent was based on the assmuption that 2- propanol proceeded the methanol synthesis via reaction (2) - (3), while SC -hexane acted as the sovent media effectively transported 2-propanol into the catalyst surface, and then removed the methanol product and reaction heat form the catalyst bed. 

Methane production takes place in two steps. In the first step, hydrogen is produced. In the second step, carbon is added to the hydrogen and produces methane through a catalytic reaction. The methanol production happens in the same way as mentioned above. These two process steps are well known. 

It has also been suggested that the loss of catalytic activity of copper electrodes depends on the crystallographic properties of the electrode, the surface characteristics and the morphology . The rate of methanol synthesis from a 1 1 mixture of CO2 and H2 at a Cu(lOO) single crystal has been measured and a kinetic model has been proposed This model correctly predicts the rates of methanol production in catalysts under industrial conditions. 

In this paper, there are a number of questions about this resist that we address. First, how is the differential dissolution rate created from the chemical-amplification reaction such that the exposed and reacted material withstands the development step with aqueous tetramethylammonium hydroxide(TMAH) In order to answer this first major question it was necessary to address quantitatively several issues. How much acid is created during exposure How much methanol product remains in the film after PER (This is of concern because of its possible effect on the kinetics of the reaction.) How many cycles of catalytic reaction does the acid undergo before the desired differential dissolution rate is reached The second question to be addressed quantitatively is what are the top surface and the sidewall roughness after the resist is developed ... 

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