Casualties catastrophic

Environmentally hazardous projects are those where the risk of accidents is very high, which can result in a major and sometimes even catastrophic chemical pollution of the environment. Frequently, these disasters take casualties among the plant personnel, as well as among the nearby settlements population, which were the cases with the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant disaster in Ukraine, or with the pesticide plant accident in Bhopal, India. 

As a practical matter, the tank crew s overall success depends on the speed and accuracy of the tank commander. As long as the commander sees the enemy tank or fighting vehicle before the enemy sees him, he and his crew can usually destroy the enemy. This is termed staying inside the enemy s decision loop. If the enemy sees him first then the outcome is likely to be catastrophic for him and his crew. Speed is of the essence. Also, crucial is the accuracy of the friend/foe determination to prevent friendly-fire casualties. Identification of friend or foe is highly contextual and depends on what the Army calls situational awareness. Situational awareness is highly complex and depends on an accurate understanding of the moment-to-moment dynamics of the fire and maneuver of the particular battle. 

Enz R. (ed.) (2006). Natural catastrophes and man-made disasters High earthquake casualties, new dimension in windstorm losses. Sigma, 2, 1 -40. 

There must be an adequate legal framework for providing care during a catastrophic event that has many casualties. 

Last, there may be catastrophic casualties. This classification is used for conditions that have either a very grave prognosis or would require an amount of resources that are so large they would divert care from others with a much better prognosis. Examples of catastrophic casualties would include cardiac arrest, penetrating trauma to the head with loss of consciousness, and major burns over more than 50% of the body. 

Certain events are blatantly catastrophic, and it is immediately clear that a mass casualty incident has occurred. Activation of the disaster plan occurs and a structured response is mobilized. Other events, such as an apartment building fire may not immediately declare themselves as disasters as casualties accumulate and local resources are dispensed, it will be decided if part of the entire disaster plan must be activated. The on-scene incident commander may be a firefighter or other first responder, depending on the nature of the incident. Please see chapter 8, Disaster Management, for information regarding the structure and function of the Incident Command System. 

Preparedness planning from the national to the local level for a potentially catastrophic event has been described. Of particular importance, however, is the need to ensure the safety of those individuals who must be called on to provide assistance to casualties and communities should toxic chemical agents be released. In this regard, these individuals must have accurate and rapid detection equipment, tested and effective physical protection, and adequate facilities and medical products to provide the care to victims of a mass casualty incident. Much has been done to address all of these areas and it is hoped that when such an event occurs, the time and resources applied to this problem payoff. 

Dam break is considered as the typical public safety event. Once occurred, it may cause catastrophic destroy and impact on downstream life, property, infrastructure, eco-environment and economic and social development. At present, there are altogether 98,002 reservoirs in China, ranking the first place all over the world. From the year of 1954 to 2010, 3515 dams were broken completely, some of which caused heavy casualties. But also some dam-break events had done less damage or even no damage at all. The important reason that causes such difference is to strengthen the analysis of dam-break results and forecast of dam-break... 

However, the most catastrophic cases to have happened are two cases caused by a break of a main feed-water pipe with corrosion accelerated by water flow. These happened in the Trojan power station in 1985 (368 mm pipe) and in the Surry 2 power station in 1986 (460 mm elbow). In both cases, ferritic steel with low chromium content was involved, with low oxygen water which favours the formation of Magnetite (Fc304), which is not very hard and more easUy attacked by the formation of soluble ferrous ions in an unfavourable water pH (<8.5 or >11). In the case of Surry 2, four casualties were caused by the explosion. 

Catastrophic incident— Any natural or man-made incident, including terrorism that results in extraordinary levels of mass casualties, damage, or disruption severely affecting the population, infrastructure, environment, economy, national morale, and/or government functions. Catastrophic loss—A loss of huge and extraordinary proportion. 

Tsunami waves represent extreme, often catastrophic events, which significantly and adversely impact coastal areas. In spite of the lower frequency of occurrence comparing to storms and storm-induced singes, tsunami-induced coastal flooding often leads to massive casualties and tremendous economic losses. Hence, tsunamis are rare events, high-impact natural disasters. 

This report adopts the definition of catastrophic incident outlined in DHSs National Response Plan—one that results in large numbers of casualties and/or displaced persons, possibly in the tens of thousands. Similarly, an economic impact on the order of tens to hundreds of billions of dollars would be considered catastrophic. A catastrophic event is one whose consequences are so extensive that they overwhelm the ability of emergency responders, local and federal vernment officials, and/or the general public to adequately and/or fiilly respond in a timely fashion. 

In the case of either casualties or economic loss, catastrophic levels of consequences are expected only where large quantities of chemicals with toxic, explosive, and hazardous properties are involved. However, social response may amplify the effects of an incident involving even a small quantity of chemicals to the point at which its economic effects, not its casualties, become catastrophic, or at least of national concern. 

This report considers questions 1 and 3, which can be discussed at least qualitatively and sometimes quantitatively based on a wide range of open-source information. Consistent with the statement of task, which refers to terrorist attack and other catastrophic loss, this report concerns itself with consequences that reach catastrophic levels of casualties or catastrophic damage to the national economy. The report does not consider question... 

Impact on Life and Health. Release of a cloud of a hazardous toxic chemical would be expected to have a large, possibly catastrophic number of casualties. This fictional incident resulted in more than 1,000 deaths and 22,000 injuries. If a cascading spill of hazardous chemicals affects the water supply, a major impact would also be expected on downstream populations. 

The initial event, under an adverse convergence of circumstances, could have catastrophic levels of casualties but not catastrophic economic consequences. The potential for such a cascading event occurring is low, but not zero. The potential for a cascading event is also very site dependent. However, terrorists could achieve similar or greater impact by attacking multiple, either closely located or geographically dispersed, sites. 

Release of toxic materials has greater potential to lead to a catastrophic number of casualties than release of flammable or explosive materials, since the impact distance of a toxic release can be much greater under adverse conditions. A toxic cloud low to the ground could cause large casualties among the general population, particularly if the public is not alerted in an effective or timely manner or trained to respond appropriately to the emergency. 

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