Castner

Castner-Kellner cell An electrolytic cell for the production of sodium hydroxide. ... 

Lenk T J, Haiimark V M, Hoffmann C L, Raboit J F, Castner D G, Erdeien C and Ringsdorf H 1994 Structurai investigation of moiecuiar organization in seif-assembied monoiayers of a semifiuorinated amidethioi Langmuir 10 4610-7... 

Sun F, Castner D G and Grainger D W Ultrathin 1993 Self-assembled polymeric films on solid-surfaces. 2. Formation of 11-(n-pentyldithio)undecanoate-bearing polyacrylate monolayers on gold Langmuirs 3200-7... 

Cast-link belt furnaces Cast molding Castner cell Castner process... 

N. Balchin and H. Castner, Health and Safety in Welding and Allied Processes, 4th ed., McGraw-HiU Book Co., Inc., New York, 1993. 

W. G. Grot, Discovey and Development ofNafion PefluorinatedMembranes, The Castner Medal Lecture, 3rd London International Chlorine Symposium, June, 1985. 

Manufacture is either by reaction of molten sodium with methyl alcohol or by the reaction of methyl alcohol with sodium amalgam obtained from the electrolysis of brine in a Castner mercury cell (78). Both these methods produce a solution of sodium methylate in methanol and the product is offered in two forms a 30% solution in methanol, and a soHd, which is a dry, free-flowing white powder obtained by evaporating the methanol. The direct production of dry sodium methylate has been carried out by the introduction of methanol vapors to molten sodium in a heavy duty agitating reactor. The sohd is supphed in polyethylene bags contained in airtight dmms filled in a nitrogen atmosphere. 

Electrolysis of Fused Sodium Hydroxide. The first successful electrolytic production of sodium was achieved with the Castner cell (2) ... 

It was an adaptation of the Castner cell to sodium chloride for fused caustic electrolysis. A mixture of sodium chloride and other chlorides, molten at 620°C, was electroly2ed ia rectangular or oval cells heated only by the current. Several cells have been patented for the electrolysis of fused salt ia cells with molten lead cathodes (65). However, it is difficult to separate the lead from the sodium (see Electrochemical processing). 

In early times hydrogen cyanide was manufactured from beet sugar residues and recovered from coke oven gas. These methods were replaced by the Castner process in which coke and ammonia were combined with Hquid sodium to form sodium cyanide. If hydrogen cyanide was desired, the sodium cyanide was contacted with an acid, usually sulfuric acid, to Hberate hydrogen cyanide gas, which was condensed for use. This process has since been supplanted by large-scale plants, using catalytic synthesis from ammonia and hydrocarbons. 

The Beilby process started in 1891 and by 1899 accounted for half of the total European production of cyanide. In this process, a fused mixture of sodium and potassium carbonates reacts with ammonia ia the presence of carbon. In 1900, the Castner process, in which molten sodium, ammonia, and charcoal react to give a high (98%) grade sodium cyanide, superseded the Beilby process. Sodium cyanide became an article of commerce and soon replaced potassium cyanide in all except special uses. 

The historic Castner process that was developed in the 1800s and operated throughout the world until the late 1960s is now obsolete. 

Until the 1960s, when HCN became widely available, NaCN was made by the Castner process via sodamide and sodium cyanamide ... 

H. Y. Castner (US/UK) and C. Kellner (Vienna) independently developed commercial mercury-cathode cell for chlor-alkali production... 

The use of mercury for extracting precious metals by amalgamation has a long history and was extensively used by Spain in the sixteenth century when her fleet carried mercury from Almaden to Mexico and returned with silver. However, environmental concerns have resulted in falling demand and excess production capacity. It is still used in the extraction of gold and in the Castner-Kellner process for manufacturing chlorine and NaOH (p. 72), and a further major use is in the manufacture of batteries. It is also used in street lamps and AC rectifiers, while its small-scale use in thermometers, barometers and gauges of different kinds, are familiar in many laboratories. 

In 1885, Charles Martin Hall invented his aluminum process and Hamilton Young Castner in 1890 developed the mercury-type alkali-chlorine cell, which produced caustic (sodium hydroxide) in its purest form. Edward G. Acheson in 1891, while attempting to make diamonds in an electric furnace, produced silicon carbide, the first synthetic abrasive, second to diamond in hardness. Four years later, Jacobs melted aluminum oxide to make a superior emeiy cloth. Within two decades, these two abrasives had displaced most natural cutting materials, including naturally occurring mixtures of aluminum and iron oxides. 

Wickes BT, Kim Y, Castner DG (2003) Denoising and multivariate analysis of time-of-flight SIMS images. Surface Interface Anal 35 640... 

A. M. Belu, D. J. Graham and D. G. Castner, Time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry techniques and applications for the characterization of biomaterial surfaces, Biomaterials, 24, 3635 3653 (2003). 

J. B. Lhoest, M. S. Wagner, C. D. Tidwell and D. G. Castner, Characterization of adsorbed protein films by time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry, Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 57, 432 440 (2001). 

O. D. Sanni, M. S. Wagner, D. G. Briggs, D. G. Castner and J. C. Vickerman, Classification of adsorbed protein static ToF SIMS spectra by principal component analysis and neural networks, Surface and Interface Analysis, 33, 715 728 (2002). 

The specification of reactions 4 and 5 for the formation of N2O and N2 is based on the TPD studies reported by Castner et al. (19), Campbell and White (20), Baird et al. (21) and Myers and Bell (8). The work of Myers and Bell has shown specifically that the formation of N2O does not occur via a Rideal-Eley process. 

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