Physical Castner

Graphitization processes are carried out at 2600 to 3000°C in inert atmospheres in direct or indirect processes. In direct processes (e.g. Acheson and Castner processes) the carbon articles between the electrodes are heated, either directly or indirectly with resistive materials in between, and the required temperature for graphite formation attained by resistive heating. In indirect processes there is no physical contact between the energy source and the carbon article. 

Figure 2.1 Chemical structures for common IL cations and anions. Source Castner and Wishart [1] and reproduced with permission from American Institute of Physics.

Surface properties of an implantable device are of critical importance since the first contact with the organism is mediated by the interface. This interaction is what drives the subsequent tissue and cellular events, including protein adsorption, cell adhesion, and inflammatory response (Castner and Ratner, 2002 Cole et ai, 2009 Stevens and George, 2005). Thus, instructive biointerfaces will first dictate the type of cell that attach and instruct the cell behavior through the motifs presented. Scaffold materials can be functionalized with bioactive molecules, to influence cell adhesion and regulate cell function, either by physical adsorption of specific biomolecules or by chemical immobilization. 

Shirota, H. (2005). Ultrafast molecular dynamics of liquid aromatic molecules and the mixtures with CCI4, Journal of Chemical Physics, 122,044514/1-12 Shirota, H. Castner, E. W., Jr. (2005). Physical properties and intermolecular dynamics of an ionic liquid compared with its isoelectronic neutral binary solution. Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 109,9388-9392... 

Shirota, H. Funston, A. M. Wishart, J. F. Castner, E. W., Jr., (2005). Ultrafast dynamics of pyrrolidinium cation ionic liquids. Journal of Chemical Physics, 122,184512/1-12 Shirota, H. Wishart, J. F. Castner, E. W., Jr. (2007). Intermolecular interactions and dynamics of room temperature ionic liquids that have silyl and siloxy-substituted imidazolium cations. Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 111, 4819-4829 Shirota, H. Nishikawa, K. Ishida, T. (2009). Atom substitution effects of [XFg]- in ionic liquids. 1. Experimental study. Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 113, 9831-9839 Shirota, H. Fujisawa, T. Fukazawa, H. Nishikawa, K. (2009). Ultrafast dynamics in aprotic molecular liquids a femtosecond Raman-induced Kerr effect spectroscopic study. Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan, 82,1347-1366 Shirota, H. Fukazawa, H. Fujisawa, T. Wishart, J. F. (2010). Heavy atom substitution effects in non-aromatic ionic liquids Ultrafast dynamics and physical properties. Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 114, 9400-9412... 

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